AP Bio Genetics pt 2

Gel electrophoresis

Seperates bands of dna by weight/size and charge

Phosphate groups are _____ charged

negatively

Inducible

Default are “off”, but can be turned “on”

LAC operon will be activated when….

low glucose and high lactose

Repressible

Default setting is “on” but can be turned “off” in the right conditions

TRP Operon

tryptophan levels will turn “off” this operon

PCR stands for

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Polymerase chain reaction

makes MANY copies of DNA (thermocycler)- taq polymerase

CRISPR

Find and Replace

Transformation Dish one

No antibiotic + wild type bacteria - there is growth

Transformation Dish two

There is antibiotic, wild type bacteria, NO growth

Transformation Dish three

There is growth, No antibiotic, mutant bacteria showing resistance

Transformation Dish 4

There is antibiotic, mutant bacteria, showing growth.

Constitutive genes

genes that are never turned off eg glycolyisis

methylation

adding a methyl group

DNA under methylation

Decreased tightness, increased gene expression

Histones under methylation

Increased tightness, decreased gene expression

Acetylation

Adding an acetyl group

DNA under acetylation

Increased tightness, decreased gene expression

Histones under acetylation

Decreased tightness, increased gene expression

Heterochromatin

Genes that are never expressed

Euchromatin

gene that will be expressed

Embryonic development

Regulation from zygote to birth

Stem cells are:

Undifferentiated

Stem cells are critical for

proper development

Hox 6

vertebrae in vertebrate - determines length of spinal column

Other factors

light exposure, toxin regulation (prokaryotes only), Ph, Carcinogens/mutagens, Growth factors/hormones, pheremones

Enhancers plus transcription factors (prokaryotic)

Operator, regulatory proteins

Enhancers plus transcription factors (eukaryotic)

Enhancers, transcription factors

Epigenetics (also known as “gene silencing”)

whole chromosome- level control of protein production

Transcription

most common level/stage of control:use of transcription factors/enhancers

Increased TF=

Increased rate of transcription

Post transcription

Amount of time mRNA stays in cytoplasm

Microrna and Srna breakdown

mrna

increased 5’/'3’

increased amount of time, increased protein production

Translation

Blocking the ribosome from binding to Mrna

Post translation

golgi body can prepare proteins and store inactive proteins in vesicle ubiquitination

In post translation, proteins are marked for:

destruction

What is an enhancer?

DNA sequences that act as positive regulators of transcription,

what is a transcription factors?

a protein that controls when and how genes are turned on and off.