CH. 25 Nutrition

Which of the following are energy nutrients?

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids

A food guide pyramid suggests that

your diet should contain a variety of foods

Starches and sugars are examples of

carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are absorbed into the blood stream as

monosaccharides

Excess glucose in animals is stored as

glycogen

If your daily diet is deficient in carbohydrates, the result might be

decrease of muscle mass

Olive and peanut oils are both

monounsaturated fats

About 95% of the lipids in the human diet are

triglycerides

Excess triglycerides are stored in adipose tissue. Adipose tissue functions
-to assist the body in temperature homeostasis.
-pads and protects.
-energy storage.
-insulates.
-All of these choices are correct.

all of these choices are correct

An essential amino acid

must be supplied in the diet

A food that contains all nine essential amino acids is called a(n)

complete protein

Functions of proteins include

providing structural strength in connective tissue

Fat soluble vitamins can be toxic in large doses because they

can be stored and accumulate in body tissues

Which of the following vitamins is mismatched with its function?
-vitamin D - bone growth
-vitamin A - rhodopsin synthesis
-folate - synthesis of clotting factors
-vitamin C - collagen synthesis
-vitamin B12 - red blood cell production

folate - synthesis of clotting factors

Which of the following minerals is important in acid-base balance?
-calcium
-chlorine
-iron
-manganese
-sodium

chlorine

The Daily Values appearing on food labels are based on a ________ kilocalorie reference diet.

2000

The digestion of complex carbohydrates is an example of

catabolism

High ATP concentrations would be found in

resting cells

Glycolysis is best defined as the breakdown of

glucose to two molecules of pyruvic acid

When glucose is metabolized in the absence of oxygen, one of the end products is

lactic acid

How many ATP and NADH are produced by glycolysis of one glucose molecule?

2 ATP and 2 NADH

Which of the following is the correct sequence?
-acetyl-CoA formation, glycolysis, electron-transport chain, citric acid cycle
-acetyl-CoA formation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, glycolysis
-citric acid cycle, glycolysis, acetyl-CoA formation, electron transport chain
-glycolysis, acetyl-CoA formation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain
-glycolysis, citric acid cycle, acetyl-CoA formation, electron transport chain

glycolysis, acetyl-CoA formation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain

The mitochondrion is the site of

the citric acid cycle and the electron-transport chain

A molecule that moves electrons from the citric acid cycle to the electron transport chain is

NADH

The name of the process that couples the movement of hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane to ATP production is the

chemiosmosis

What is the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain?

oxygen

Beta oxidation results in the formation of

Acetyl CoA

Fatty acids are catabolized in a process called

beta oxidation

The presence of ketone bodies in the urine indicates increased metabolism of

fatty acids

Amino acids can be used as a source of energy

by subjecting them to oxidative deamination

When the amine (NH2) group is stripped off of an amino acid, this amine group is converted to

ammonia

What is the glutamic acid made from transamination used for?

It is used to make other nonessential amino acids

The formation of glycogen from glucose is called _____.

glycogenesis

There is a need for glucose in the body. Which of the following reactions will yield glucose directly?

glycogenolysis

The absorptive state

occurs immediately to about 4 hours after meals

The events that occur in the postabsorptive state collectively

maintain blood glucose levels

If a person cuts their daily caloric intake by 500 Kcal, how long will it take to lose 1 pound of fat?

1 week

Which of the following will increase metabolic rate?

exercise

Total energy expenditure is estimated from

basal metabolic rate, thermic effect of food, and physical activity

If an increase in blood temperature were detected, one would probably observe

increased sweat production

Nutrition includes the study of
A. the nutrients in foods.
B. the body's utilization of nutrients.
C. how nutrients play a role in your body's health.
D. digestion, absorption, and transportation of nutrients.
E. All of these choices are correct.

E

Essential nutrients

cannot be made in sufficient quantities by the body

A food guide pyramid suggests that

your diet should contain a variety of foods

One gram of carbohydrate, one gram of lipid, and one gram of protein yield ____, ____, and ____ kilocalories respectively.

4, 9, 4

Complex carbohydrates include

starch, glycogen, cellulose

Complex carbohydrates include

monosaccharides

The most common monosaccharides in the diet are

glucose and fructose

Which of the following organs can store glycogen?
A. spleen and pancreas
B. kidney and adrenal gland
C. large and small intestines
D. liver and muscles
E. stomach and pancreas

D

If your daily diet is deficient in carbohydrates, the result might be

decrease of muscle mass

If the fatty acid portion of a fat molecule has ten double covalent bonds, the fat is said to be

polyunsaturated

Polyunsaturated vegetable oils can be changed from liquids to solids by

decreasing the number of double covalent bonds in their fatty acids

About 95% of the lipids in the human diet are

triglycerides

A student's dietary intake includes 100 grams of fat and a total of 2000 kilocalories. What percentage of the total kilocalories in this student's diet comes from fat?

45%

Which of the following is an essential fatty acid?
A. lecithin
B. linoleic acid
C. stearic acid
D. butyric acid
E. hydrochloric acid

B

An essential amino acid
A. can be formed from fats in the body.
B. can be synthesized by the body if there is enough nitrogen.
C. must be made from glucose.
D. must be supplied in the diet.
E. can not be converted to nonessential amino acids.

D

Which of the following recommendations regarding daily requirements is correct?
A. Fats should account for 45% of total caloric intake.
B. Carbohydrate intake should be around 500 grams daily.
C. Protein consumption should be 10-35% of total kilocalorie intake.
D. Cholesterol intake should be about 300 milligrams per day.
E. Protein consumption should be about 45% of total kilocalorie intake.

C

An example of an incomplete protein food is

leafy green vegetables

Functions of proteins include
A. providing structural strength in connective tissue.
B. serving as a part of the cholesterol molecule.
C. serving as the primary energy source of cells.
D. transport of nitrogen gas in the blood.
E. padding and insulation.

A

Which of the following individuals is most likely to be in a negative nitrogen balance?
A. a healthy pregnant woman
B. a 10-year-old child
C. an adult woman with adequate protein intake
D. an elderly homeless man
E. a healthy adult man who exercises

D

Excessive bleeding due to slowed blood clotting is a symptom of vitamin _____ deficiency.

K

Which of the following vitamins is mismatched with its function?
A. vitamin D - bone growth
B. vitamin A - rhodopsin synthesis
C. folate - synthesis of clotting factors
D. vitamin C - collagen synthesis
E. vitamin B12 - red blood cell production

C

Minerals
A. are organic nutrients.
B. can be manufactured by the body if the diet does not supply enough.
C. can serve as buffers and components of enzymes.
D. are found in high concentrations in refined cereals and breads.
E. are not necessary for normal metabolic function.

C

Which of the following minerals is part of the hemoglobin molecule?
A. calcium
B. iodine
C. iron
D. zinc
E. fluorine

C

The Daily Values appearing on food labels are based on a ________ kilocalorie reference diet.

2000

Which of the following statements is true?
A. Catabolic reactions are synthesis reactions.
B. Anabolic reactions are involved in the production of proteins from amino acids.
C. The energy derived from anabolism is used to drive catabolism.
D. Anabolic reactions release energy.
E. Catabolic reactions consume energy.

B

The production of protein by cells is an example of
A. anabolism.
B. catabolism.
C. glycolysis.
D. phosphorylation.
E. decomposition.

A

High ATP concentrations would be found in

resting cells

What atom is a major player in the production of energy from nutrient molecules?

hydrogen

Which of the following steps in glycolysis occurs last?
A. oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
B. production of ATP from phosphoenolpyruvic acid
C. phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate
D. cleavage of fructose 1, 6 diphosphate
E. input of 2 ATP molecules

B

When glucose is metabolized in the absence of oxygen, one of the end products is

citric acid

A series of metabolic reactions in the liver that converts lactic acid into glucose is called

the Cori cycle

Where does glycolysis take place?

cytoplasm of the cell

Which of the following is the correct sequence?
A. acetyl-CoA formation, glycolysis, electron-transport chain, citric acid cycle
B. acetyl-CoA formation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, glycolysis
C. citric acid cycle, glycolysis, acetyl-CoA formation, electron transport chain
D. glycolysis, acetyl-CoA formation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain
E. glycolysis, citric acid cycle, acetyl-CoA formation, electron transport chain

D

The result of five turns of the citric acid cycle would be
A. 5 ATP, 5 NADH, 5 FADH2, 5 carbon dioxide.
B. 5 ATP, 15 NADH, 5 FADH2, 10 carbon dioxide.
C. 10 ATP, 30 NADH, 10 FADH2, 20 carbon dioxide.
D. 10 ATP, 10 NADH, 5 FADH2, 10 carbon dioxide.
E. 15 ATP, 15 NADH, 15 FADH2, 15 carbon dioxide

B

The electron transport chain results in

formation of ATP

A molecule that moves electrons from the citric acid cycle to the electron transport chain is

NADH

Which of the following statements is true?
A. Hydrogen ions are pumped across the plasma membrane.
B. Electrons pass from one electron carrier to another in the electron transport chain.
C. Water serves as the final electron acceptor.
D. Chemiosmosis forms carbon dioxide.
E. The chemiosmosis model refers to movement of water.

B

Which of the following events occurs last?
A. Hydrogen ions diffuse into inner mitochondrial compartment.
B. Hydrogen ions are moved from inner to outer mitochondrial compartment.
C. The movement of hydrogen ions through special channels is coupled to ATP production.
D. A hydrogen ion concentration gradient is established.
E. NADH transfer electrons to the electron-transport chain.

C

What is the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain?

oxygen

The correct sequence of events that occurs when fatty acids are used to generate ATP is
A. beta oxidation, electron transport chain, deamination.
B. electron transport chain, beta oxidation, glycolysis.
C. beta oxidation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain.
D. glycolysis, beta oxidation, citric acid cycle.
E. citric acid cycle, glycolysis, beta oxidation.

C

Acetyl CoA
A. can enter the electron transport system directly.
B. is a by product of glycolysis.
C. might be used in ketogenesis.
D. is needed to start oxidative deamination.
E. is converted to pyruvic acid.

C

Fatty acids are catabolized in a process called

beta oxidation

Slim N. Trim has been on a low-fat, no carbohydrate diet for two months. Which of the following would you expect to find in large quantities in the urine?
A. glucose
B. lactic acid
C. pyruvic acid
D. ketone bodies
E. proteins

D

Transamination

involves removing an amine group from an amino acid

When the amine (NH2) group is stripped off of an amino acid, this amine group is converted to

ammonia

What amino acid is usually formed from the transamination of another amino acid?

glutamic acid

Which of the following is/are possible uses of amino acids in energy production?
A. forming a ketoacid that can enter the citric acid cycle
B. forming intermediate molecules of carbohydrate metabolism
C. forming NADH that enters the electron-transport chain.
D. All of the choices are uses of amino acids in energy production.

D

The formation of glycogen from glucose is called _____.

glycogenesis

Glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids can be metabolized within the cell to liberate _____.

energy

Why is it important that glucose be converted to glucose-6-phosphate once glucose enters a cell?

Glucose can't diffuse out of the cell if it is in this form.

The absorptive state

occurs immediately to about 4 hours after meals

During the postabsorptive state, the first source of glucose is

glycogen

Which of the following is least likely to occur late in the postabsorptive state?
A. hydrolysis of triglycerides
B. use of acetyl-CoA and ketones for energy
C. formation of glycogen
D. use of proteins as an energy source
E. reduced removal of glucose from the blood

C

If a person cuts their daily caloric intake by 500 Kcal, how long will it take to lose 1 pound of fat?

1 week

The energy cost for assimilation of food is called

thermic effect of food

Which of the following has the highest basal metabolic rate?
A. older individuals
B. young, active males
C. middle age females
D. young, active female
E. They all have the same rates.

B

Total energy expenditure is estimated from
A. basal metabolic rate.
B. thermic effect of food.
C. physical activity.
D. basal metabolic rate and physical activity.
E. basal metabolic rate, thermic effect of food, and physical activity.

E

The portion of the brain that regulates body temperature is the

hypothalamus

Which of the following is an example of convection?
A. infra-red radiation
B. sweating
C. exposure of the body to cold air
D. warming a chair by sitting in it
E. losing water to the air

C

Match to organic molecule

vitamins A, E, D, K

lipids