USVA History: WW1 - Great Depression

The Lusitania

British passenger liner sunk by a German U-boat during WW1

The Zimmerman Note

telegram that proposed an alliance between Germany and Mexico against the U.S. during ww1

Selective Service Act

Drafting of men to expand army for ww1

Bernard Bruch

Led War Industries Board, where he took over U.S. industry and tells them what to produce to supply for troops

What is War Industries Board (WIB)?

Regulated all industries engaged in the war effort

Committee on Public Information

Created during ww1 to encourage Americans to support the war.

ex: assembled speakers, pres releases, posters that dramatized needs of America and allies

George Creel

director of CPI (Committee on public info), combined education and advertising comparing to “sell America”

conscientious objector

people whose moral/religious beliefs forbid them to fight in wars

Espionage Act, 1917

Allowed postal authorities to ban seditious media from mail

Great Migration**

Movement of blacks from rural South to industrial north

4 reasons Americans have to avoid ww1:

1. Maintain traditional isolation from European conflicts

2. “melting pot” nation, president Wilson didn’t want the war to make Americans turn against one another

3. Viewed it as a distant European conflict

4. wanted peace

how did government expand their power to win ww1

1. expanded army (selective service act)

2. regulated industrial production (WIB)

3. controlled resources to supply troops (food administration)

4. Espionage act and sedition act

wilsons 14 points

speech by Wilson, aimed to end ww1 by establishing peace inspired by noble ideals, and not greed and vengeance

ex: openness, independence, freedom, open diplomacy, reduce bombs, etc

who promoted self determination

wilson. wanted people to have the right to choose their own for of government

flu pandemic

deadly virus which killed 50 million

league of nations

wilson promoted this. world organization established after ww1 to promote peaceful cooperation among countries

henry cabot lodge

republican who aimed to move u.s. into position of a world power. Wilson left lodge behind during peace conference

henry ford

model t (car), assembly lines which lowered sale prices

who was the first major industrialist to give workers Saturday and Sunday off

henry ford

installment buying

buyers make a small donw payment and then pays off the rest of the debt in monthly payments. allowed Americans to own products they couldn’t have

bull market

1920s, period of rising stock prices, many Americans relied on stocks to get rich

buying on margin

buyer pays small percentage of purhcase price while broker advances the rest. if stocks rise, buyer gets lots of money; if price fell, buyers struggle

irreconcilables

people who were against treaty of versailles

what arguments were made against treaty of Versailles for irreconcilables

didnt want u.s. in world affairs

opposed league of nations

believed article 10 would force u.s. into war to protect others

believed it would take congress’s power to declare war

threatened American sovereignty

didn’t fit isolationist policies

henry cabot lodge, Wilson, and basically all Americans refused what?

treaty of versailles

reservationists

people who would accept treaty of Versailles if modified

wilson democrats

supported treat

impact of increasing automobiles towards other industries

steel, petrol industries boomed as it was needed to fuel automobiles

growth in industries created new and better paying jobs

1920s migration patterns

• immigrants settled in cities, farmers left their field for cities

• Mexicans crossed border and relocated to south western cities

• urban workers moved to suburbs due to mass transportation

What was the purpose of the Revenue Acts of 1921, 1924, and 1926?

To lower marginal tax rates on individuals and corporations

NAACP national association for the advancement of colored people

oldest and largest civil rights organization, ensure rights of all people of color

archibald motley

harlem Renaissance painter, challenged stereotypes

fundamentalism

belief in literal, truth of sacred texts. protestant movement to defend traditional orthodox against modernist influrneces

speakeasy

hidden bar sold bevrages

scopes trial**

legal battle between fundamentalist beliefs and modern science. it banned teaching human evolution in schools

modernism

post ww1 cultural movement which rejected traditional conventions through art, architecture, literature

eugenical sterilization act/Virginia sterilization act?

law which allowed state to sterilize institutionalized, feeble minded individuals to protect public health. came from buck vs bell case

man ray

artist who left ny for Paris where he revolutionized photography with his radiographs (camera less images)

f Scott fitzgerald

popularized the term “jazz age” , wrote great Gatsby, this side of paradise, popularizing flappers and roaring 20s

georgia o-keeffe

modernist painter , breaking gender barriers with her art

william faulkner

went from poetry to prose, establishing his literacy voice in works Soldiers pay, Sartoris, The Sound and the Fury

ernest hemingway

revolutionized American literature, was an author, journalist, and sportsman

bootleggers

people who illegally sold alcohol during prohibition

herbert hoover

republican, head of food administration, believed in voluntary cooperation between labor and management

18th amendment

banned alcohol

21st amendment

repealed 18th amendment

volstead act

law which provided rules to enforce 18th amendment, Wilson vetoed however Congress overrode

emergency quota act (1921)

first limits on u.s. immigration, aimed to limit southern/eastern Europeans and Asian immigrants, favoring northern/western europeans

red scare

fear in u.s. that communism is coming to society

washington naval conference**

aimed to prevent a post ww1 naval arms race which limited battleship and aircraft carrier tonnage

dawes plan

plan to restructure germany’s ww1 reparation payments to stabilize economic crisis. reduce annual payments, massive u.s. loans to germany

racial integrity act of 1924

banned interracial marriage

sacco and venzetti

italian immigrants who were trialed and executed for armed robbery and murder. many viewed this as injustice driven by antiimmigrant hysteria instead of pure evidence

national origins act (1942)

set quotas based on country of origin, limiting immigration. favored northern/western europeans, targeted south/eastern Europeans and completely banned Asians

palmer raids

violent, warrantless u.s. raids targeting suspected communists during first red scare. arrested/deported thousands

kellog briand pact**

aimed to prevent future conflicts and settle disputes peacefully

harding

promised “return to normalcy” after ww1. his administration reduced taxes, slashed gov spending, and established first federal budget system

teapot dome scandal

harding appointed Albert bacon fall, who secretly took bribes from oil tycoons to lease federal naval oil reserves in WY and CA

andrew mellon

secretary of Treasury, pro business by cutting taxes for corporations and wealthy, debt reduction, aiming to stimulate investment

calvin coolidge

took power after hardings death, pro business, continued hardings economic prosperities by increase tax

aclu

aimed to defend civil rights like free speech, labor rights, freedom during red scare

charles lindbergh

advanced aviation, completed first solo nonstop transatlantic flight from NY to paris

phonograph

invented by Edison, first device to record and reproduce sound, allowing ppl to listen to performances at home

amas n andy

radio show starring white actors where they portrayed blacks based on racial stereotypes

babe ruth

revolutionized baseball, greatets hitter, leading Yankees to success

red grange

football stuperstar

charlie chaplin

movie star, produced many silent films

jack dempset

boxing champion

the radio

mass media phenomenon, defining the 20s culture

national women’s policy

ratification of 19th amendment, prohibited denying the right to vote based on sex. allowed women to vote

taylor ross

14th governor of Wyoming, first female governor in u.s.. supported prohibition

miriam ferguson

first female governor of Texas, second in u.s. history

flappers

women who challenged traditional gender norms. independent

what president focused on progressivism

wilson

progrssivism

using federal force to regulate big business

black tuesday

october 29, 1929 where stock prices fell greatly

hawley smooth tariff

hoover, raised tariffs so high that foreign goods couldn’t compete with americas market. inspired European countries to put their own tariffs

bread lines

lines of people who waited for food handouts from churches

hooverville

term used to described makeshift towns set up by homeless ppl. lne of largest was in the middle of central park

dust bowl

great plains suffered from drought and dust storms, made many farm families to move to California due to the loss of their farms

trickle down economics

theory where reducing taxes on businesses and wealthy will stimulate investment and economic growth, eventually benefiting everyone through job creation and higher wages. didn’t work

okies

term used to describe dust bowl refugees

how did Hoover respond to great depression

struggled. tariffs, voluntary cooperation, bonus army, trickle down economy

work progress administration (WPA)

new deal program, provided work relief through improving highways, rivers, promoted soil and water conservation. also provided programs in the arts for writers, actors, artisst

john Maynard keynes

argued that deficit spending was needed to end depressionn (pump priming)

pump priming**

john Maynard keynes, idea that deficit spending was needed to end depression as it would promote more jobs, boost demand, and trigger larger economy

rural electrification agency (REA)

loaned money to electric utilities to build power lines in rural areas

social security act

pension system for retirees, established unemployment insurance, created insurance for victims of accidents, and provide aid to poverty mothers and children, blind, disabled

wagner act

new deal law, abolished unfair labor practices and allowed employees to organize labor unions, and gave worker right to collective bargaining

collective bargaining

process where employee negotiate with employers to determine wages, hours, conditions to ensure fair, negotiated labor contracts

fair labor standards act

new deal, law that set minimum wage and maximum hours, banned child labor

federal deposit insurance corporation (FDIC)

new deal, provided federal insurance forbank deposits, to restore confidence in nations financial system

court packing

roosevelts plan to add 6 new justices to 9 member court after sourt ruled some new deal laws unconstitutional. critics accused Roosevelt of trying to increase presidential power and disturb check and balances

black cabinent

group of black leaders who served as unofficial advisors to roosevelt

who were apart of black cabinent

robert weaber, William Hastie. Hastie served as judge and was the first black cabinet member

welfare state

government that takes responsability by providing for the welfare of poor, elderly, sick, unemployed

tenessee valley authority (TVA)

government agency that built dams in Tennessee river valley to control flooding and generate electric power

what were the negatives to welfare state

lots of money, no ones paying

republicans viewed new deal as..

too radical

democrats viewed new deal as..

not radical enough