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AP Euro Key Term Flashcards
Ptolemy
Ancient astronomer with geocentric universe model.
Copernicus
Proposed heliocentric theory, placing Sun at center.
Geocentrism
Earth-centered model of the universe.
Heliocentrism
Sun-centered model of the universe.
On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres
Copernicus's 1543 work introducing heliocentrism.
Tycho Brahe
Danish astronomer known for precise astronomical observations.
Johannes Kepler
Formulated three laws of planetary motion.
Galileo Galilei
Pioneering astronomer supporting heliocentrism with telescope.
Starry Messenger
Galileo's 1610 work detailing telescopic discoveries.
Isaac Newton
Formulated laws of motion and universal gravitation.
Principia Matematica
Newton's 1687 work on classical mechanics principles.
Enlightened Absolutism
Monarchs implementing Enlightenment ideas in governance.
Frederick the Great
Prussian king known for military and enlightened reforms.
Catherine the Great
Russian empress known for expansion and modernization.
Joseph II
Holy Roman Emperor known for radical reforms.
Francis Bacon
Developed empirical method of scientific inquiry.
Novum Organum
Bacon's 1620 work on empirical scientific method.
Rene Descartes
Father of modern philosophy and analytical geometry.
Discourse on Method
Descartes's text on systematic doubt and inquiry.
Induction
Reasoning from specific observations to general conclusions.
Deduction
Reasoning from general principles to specific conclusions.
Empiricism
Knowledge derived from sensory experience and observation.
Margaret Cavendish
17th-century philosopher advocating for women's intellectual roles.
Blaise Pascal
French mathematician and philosopher known for probability theory.
Thomas Hobbes
Philosopher known for political theory in Leviathan.
Leviathan
Hobbes' treatise advocating for powerful sovereign authority.
John Locke
Philosopher who influenced modern liberal democracy.
Two Treatises on Government
Locke's work critiquing absolute monarchy and advocating rights.
Physiocrats
Economists emphasizing land as wealth source in 18th century.
Quesnay
Leader of Physiocrats, known for agricultural productivity advocacy.
Philosophes
Enlightenment thinkers promoting reason and social reforms.
Voltaire
Writer advocating for civil liberties and freedom of speech.
Tabula Rasa
Locke's concept of individuals as 'blank slates' at birth.
Salon
Social gatherings for intellectual discussions in Enlightenment.
Diderot
Co-founder of the Encyclopédie, promoting Enlightenment knowledge.
The Encyclopedia
Reference work compiling Enlightenment knowledge and ideas.
Deism
Belief in a rational God who doesn't intervene in life.
Beccaria
Philosopher advocating for criminal justice reform and rational law.
Adam Smith
Economist known for Wealth of Nations and free markets.
Montesquieu
Philosopher advocating separation of powers in government.
Spirit of the Laws
Treatise analyzing government forms and advocating liberty.
Rousseau - The Social Contract
Theory on collective consent to form society and government.
Mary Wollstonecraft
Writer advocating for women's equality and education.
Vindication of the Rights of Women
Feminist text arguing for women's rational rights and education.
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