A Level History - Russia chapter 2

How many Petrograd workers demonstrated on the anniversary of Bloody Sunday in 1917?

150,000

What happened on the anniversary of Bloody Sunday in 1917?

Petrograd workers demonstrated because they were frustrated with the unemployment and starvation

How many workers went on strike in Petrograd on 14th February 1917?

100,000

From how many different factories were there workers striking in Petrograd on 14th February 1917?

58

When was there news that bread would be rationed?

1 March 1917

What news was brought on 1 March 1917?

that bread would be rationed

How did people react to the news that bread would be rationed?

there were very long queues at all times and there was lots of violence

How many workers were locked out of the Putilov Steel Works by the management on 22 February 1917?

20,000

When were 20,000 workers locked out of the Putilov Steel Works?

22 February 1917

Why were workers locked out of the Putilov Steel Works?

pay talks collapsed

How many workers went on strike and how many factories closed on 23 February 1917?

90,000 went on strike and 50 factories closed

What was significant about the 23 February 1917?

international women's day

How many people ended up on the streets in Petrograd on international women's day?

240,000

Which groups of people joined the march on international women's day? (4)

women, workers, militant students, people from bread queues

How many people went on strike on 24th February 1917?

200,000

How many workers went on strike on 25th February 1917?

250,000 (over half the capital's workforce)

What did Rodzianko do on 26th February 1917 and how did the Tsar respond?

sent the Tsar a telegram warning him of the serious situation, but the Tsar ignored him and dissolved the Duma the next day

Who was Rodzianko?

president of the Duma

In which regiment was there a mutiny on 27th February 1917?

Volynskii regiment

How many soldiers of the Volynskii regiment mutinied and what did they do?

66,000 mutinied and they joined the protestors

What did the Duma do on 27th February 1917, against the Tsar's orders?

they held a meeting and set up a 12-man provisional government to take over the government

Where was Lenin at the time of the protests in February?

Zurich

Where was Trotsky at the time of the protests in February?

New York

When was the Petrograd Soviet formed?

27th February 1917

When had soviets first appeared?

1905

What did the Petrograd Soviet agree under pressure from soldiers and mutineers at the Kronstadt naval base?

agreed that each regiment should elect committees and send representatives to the soviet

What was "Order No. 1"?

a charter of soldiers rights

When was Order number 1 produced?

1st March 1917

What did Order number 1 promise? (6)

all units would elect a deputy to the Soviet, the Military Commission of the Duma would only be obeyed if it agreed with the soviet's orders, all weapons controlled by elected soldiers' committees, all soldiers to enjoy full citizens' rights when off-duty, no honorific titles for officers, officers were not to address soldiers in the "ty" form

By when did the Petrograd Soviet have 3000 members?

10 March 1917

How many members did the Petrograd soviet have by 10 March 1917?

3000

Who was the work of the Petrograd soviet dominated by?

the executive committee

Who put pressure on the Tsar to resign?

the Chief General of staff, General Alexeev

Who diverted Nicholas' train?

rebellious railway workers

When did Nicholas agree to resign?

2 March 1917

Who did Nicholas name as the new Tsar?

Grand Duke Mikhail

Why did Nicholas not want Alexei to be the new Tsar?

he feared for his delicate health

When did members of the Duma committee reach Pskov?

2 March 1917

Who became Tsar after Nicholas?

no one because Mikhail refused to take the throne

How long was the rule of the Romanovs?

304 years

What happened to the Tsar and his family immediately after the abdication?

they were placed under house arrest

What happened to most of the members of the Tsar's council of ministers after the abdication?

they were placed under house arrest

In which areas did national minorities declare their independence? (4)

Finland, Poland, Ukraine, the Caucasus

What happened to the army after the abdication?

disintegrated into semi-independent bodies and soldiers' soviets

When did an "All Russian Congress of Soviets" meet?

June 1917

From how many towns, villages and military bases were there representatives at the "All Russian Congress of Soviets"?

350

Where were the representatives from at the "All Russian Congress of Soviets"?

towns, villages and military bases

Who did Grand Duke Mikhail relinquish power to?

a Provisional Government

Who was the first leader of the PG?

Prince Lvov

Who was Prince Lvov? (2)

a wealthy aristocrat and zemstvo leader

Which groups made up the PG? (3)

liberals, moderate socialists, kadets

What was the original intention for the PG?

that it would be temporary and elections would be held as soon as possible for a new constituent assembly

What would the new constituent assembly do?

draw up a new constitution for Russia

Where did the Provisional government set itself up?

in the Duma chamber in the right wing of the Tauride palace

Why did the mass of workers favour the Petrograd soviet over the PG?

because they saw the PG as self-appointed and tainted by previous associations with Tsardom, whilst the PS was seen as the more democratic organisation

Where did the Petrograd Soviet establish its headquarters?

in the left wing of the Tauride palace

Which groups made up the Petrograd Soviet? (4)

radical socialist intellectuals, Mensheviks, SRs, Bolsheviks

Which group was the minority in the Petrograd Soviet when it was first set up?

Bolsheviks

How many of the members of the executive committee were workers?

7 out of 42

Who orchestrated the negotiations which resulted in an agreement for the PG and the PS to work together?

Kerensky

Why did the PS claim direct democratic authority?

its members were elected by various lesser Petrograd soviets

What was the Dual Authority?

where Russia was governed by an alliance between the PG and the PS

What did the PG promise which the PS accepted? (5)

a general amnesty for political prisoners; civil liberties; abolition of legal disabilities based on class, region and nationality; freedom to organise trade unions to strike; election of a constituent assembly

When did the PG state that "the power of the state should be based, not on violence and coercion, but on the consent of free citizens to the power they themselves created"?

April 1917

What did the PG believe the power of the state should be based on?

"the consent of free citizens to the power they themselves created"

What measures to pacify the people did the new PG take? (5)

freedom of religion, freedom of the press, abolished the death penalty at the front, replaced tsarist police force with a "people's militia", dismissed provincial governors and gave their work to the elected zemstva

How did the PG and PS differ in their opinions about deserters?

PG tried to discipline army deserters and restore order but PS encouraged workers to defy authority

How did the PG and PS differ in their opinions about the WW1?

PG thought they should put lots of effort in to win the war, whilst PS though the war should be ended as soon as possible

What was Milyukov's announcement in April 1917?

that the government would continue fighting until a "just peace" had been won

When was Milyukov's announcement that they would keep fighting in WW1?

April 1917

Who was forced to resign as a result of the announcement that they would keep fighting in WW1?

Milyukov and Guchkov

When did Milyukov and Guchkov resign?

May 1917

Who became the new minister of war when Milyukov and Guchkov resigned?

Aleksandr Kerensky

How many people were added to the cabinet of the PG after Milyukov and Guchkov resigned?

4 (Chernov, Kerensky, two more Mensheviks)

When was Lvov replaced as chairman of the PG?

July 1917

Who replaced Prince Lvov as chairman of the PG?

Kerensky

Why was the PG in a difficult situation concerning the continuation of the war?

the war was very unpopular but they were in an alliance with Britain and France, and were relying on French loans for survival

Why was the west sending Russia loans so they would stay in the war?

Britain and France were scared that if Russia pulled out, the Germans would turn their attention to the west and attack them

Why did the PG not proceed with elections for a constituent assembly?

it was clear that the SRs would win the vote of the peasants and that the Bolsheviks would win the votes of the workers

Why did little get done under the dual alliance?

the PG insisted that major changes should await a constituent assembly, for which the elections were constantly being postponed, and the PS offered no alternative leadership as they believed their main task was simply to protect the rights of workers and peasants