Social Theory Final

Instinctual desires

Id

moral rules

superego

mediator

ego

Id, Ego, Superego

Freud

Personality develops as the ego balances id impulses with society’s expectations enforced by the superego.

Freud: Id, Ego, Superego

 society stays stable through value-driven, goal-oriented action.

Central theme

 Adaptation, Goal Attainment, Integration, Latency.

AGIL

traditional = particularism, ascription; modern = universalism, achievement.

Pattern Variables

Social Action, AGIL, Pattern Variables

Parsons

intended consequences.

Manifest

unintended consequences.

Latent

Manifest vs. Latent Functions

Merton

Deviance occurs when society promotes cultural goals but blocks legitimate means to achieve them.

strain theory

who did the strain theory

merton

what are the modern conflict theories

Dahrendorf, Mills, Collins

• society = competing groups in ICAs with authority.
  
  

Dahrendorf

power concentrated in elites (gov, military, corporations).

Mills

conflict over material, organizational, symbolic resources links macro & micro.

Collins

class struggle, economic inequality.

Marx

power from class, status, and party; multidimensional stratification.

Weber

three femenist theories

Standpoint, Queer, Black Feminist

marginalized people see social reality more clearly.

standpoint theory

gender/sexuality are socially constructed and performative.

queer theory

 intersectionality of race, gender, class.

Black Feminist Thought

who did the standpoint theory

Smith

who did the queer theory

butler

who did the black feminist thought

collins

 dual identity of being Black and American.

double consciousness

 barrier separating Black people from full recognition in society.

veil

who did the double consciousness and veil

du bois

Continues MArx

critique of capitalism/domination.

revises marx

culture and ideology—not economy—are central to modern control.

what are the two features for Frankfurt school

contiues and revises mmarx

 treating human relations as things or objects.

reification

 rationality focused only on efficiency and control.

instrumental reason

people lose critical thinking due to technological rationaility

One-dimensional Society

who did the one-dimensional society

marcuse

• Ruling class maintains power through cultural leadership and shaping common sense.
  
  

 Ideological Hegemony

 Ideological Hegemony

Gramsci

Communicative Action & Public Sphere

Habermas

reaching understanding through rational dialogue.

Communicative action

space for citizens to debate and criticize power.

Public sphere

If people define situations as real, they are real in consequences.”

Thomas Theorem:

• role conflict/strain.
  
  

Park

role-making and need for role verification.

Turner

•  self = hierarchy of identities by salience.
  
  

Stryker

frontage and backstage theory

goffman

 controlling how others see us.

impression management

: how we show respect and maintain social order.

Demeanor/Deference

self forms through taking the role of the “other.”

Mead

•  self is a performance shaped by audience expectations.
  
  

goffman

• shared understanding of reality.
  
  

Intersubjectivity

: common-sense knowledge used to interpret the world.

Stock of knowledge

stock of knowledge and intersubjectively

schutz

Ethnomethodology

Garfinkel

• Social order is fragile; it persists because people unquestioningly follow everyday rules.
  
  

Garfinkle

• : selling emotional labor (e.g., service jobs).
  
  

Commodification

emotions and commodification

Hochschild

exchange theory

Homans & Emerson

behavior based on rewards/costs; fairness = distributive justice.

Homans

• power in social networks; negotiated vs. reciprocal exchange.
  
  

Emerson

Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Rewards

Blau

internal satisfaction (friendship).

intrinsic

 external rewards (money, favors).

Extrinsic

what does the postmodern theory emphasize

fragmentation, skepticism toward truth, and the instability of meaning.

what does the post modern theory challenge

rejects grand narratives, rejects objective truth, rejects fixed identities/social structures.