The question involves which has more impact on out development; the traits we inherit(nature) or the environment that we live in(nurture)
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Structuralism
An early school of psychology that used introspection(talking about what comes to mind) to explore the elemental structure of the human mind; practiced by Wundt and Titchener
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Functionalism
William James school of thought that stressed the adaptive and survival value of observable behaviors.
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Psychodynamic Perspective
How behavior springs from past experiences, UNCONSCIOUS/sexual drives and conflicts; studied dreams. FREUD is founder
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Behaviorist Perspective
School of thought that focuses on how we learn OBSERVABLE responses. Reinforcement, Punishment, Classical/Operant conditioning, Pavlov: Dogs and Classical Conditioning, Skinner: Rewards and Punishment (OC), Watson: FOUNDER: Little Albert Study
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Humanistic Perspective
School of thought that focuses on the study of CONSCIOUS experience, the individual's freedom to choose, FREE WILL, and capacity for personal growth. Known as 3rd Force because 3rd perspective and very different from 1st two perspectives. FOUNDERS: Rogers and Maslow
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Cognitive Perspective
How we THINK and PROCESS information. How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information.
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Social-Cultural Perspective
Examines how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures. (Ex: gestures, manners..)
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Biological Perspective
Examines how brain processes and other bodily functions regulate behavior (genes, neurotransmitters, hormones, brain parts...)
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Evolutionary Perspective
The theory that focuses on the evolution of behavior and mental processes. Examines which human/animal behaviors continue or die out over years: DARWIN
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Biopsychosocial Approach
An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social cultural to explain your behavior. Ex: Cause of Schizophrenia: genes, thought processes, and environment live in.
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Dix
Mental Institution Reformer
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Wundt
Established the first psychological laboratory in Germany; completed 1st true psychological experiment; father of psychology; founder of structuralism
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Titchener
Student of Wundt, structuralist; used introspection
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James
Wrote The Principles of Psychology and brought about the idea of functionalism
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Hall
1st American Psych Lab, Founder of APA,1st American to receive PhD in Psychology
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Calkins
1st female president of APA
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Washburn
1st woman to earn PhD in Psychology; 2nd female president of APA
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Basic vs. Applied Researchers
Basic: find data, statistics, #'s on topics vs. Applied: uses data from basic research and applies to real life situations.
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Clinical Psychologist
Most POPULAR profession in psychology; deals with any problem you may have.
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Psychiatrist
Has a MEDICAL degree, can PRESCRIBE medications, usually helps individuals with more severe problems and illnesses (depression, schizophrenia..)
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Industrial/Organizational Psychologist
Helps workplaces/businesses be more productive/efficient; worker morale
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Psychometrician
Works with TESTING: ACT, SAT, PSAT, AP: evaluates data, makes questions for tests...
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Community Psychologist
Helps communities to be the best they can for their citizens; develops programs to help people in community be healthy and happy.
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Educational Psychologist
Works with ENTIRE school systems to make them great places to work and learn.
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Counseling
Focus more on everyday problems you may be facing (marriage, college life, friend problems...)
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Social Psychologist
Focuses on how we relate to other people (groups, conformity, prejudice...)
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Descriptive Methods of Research
ways psychologist gather information without doing an experiment
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Survey
Gathers LOTS of information on a topic
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Social Desirability Bias
careful on survey data because people may answer in a "socially desirable" way: how they "think" they should answer.
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Case Study
Studies on person or unique case in depth Ex: find out all the information I can about the life of Michael Jackson: health records, friend reports....)
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Naturalistic Observation
Studies people/animals in natural habitat (real life) without them knowing you are there. Helps you see REAL behavior. Ex: watch individuals at concert, mall...)
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Longitudinal Study
Studies one person across their LIFE!! Ex: study how one person's IQ changes over lifetime)
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Cross Sectional Study
Studies groups of people on same topic. Ex: studies boys/girls on IQ at certain age
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Meta-analysis
Gathers data from MULTIPLE studies on same topic Ex: gather all data on studies done on all identical twins and IQ scores)
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Descriptive Statistics
Numerical characterizations that describe data from descriptive methods
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Histogram
A bar chart representing a frequency distribution (bars touch)
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Frequency Polygon
Line graph
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Central Tendency
A number that describes something about the scores in a distribution; MEAN, MEDIAN, MODE
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Measures of Variability
Measures that indicate how spread out data/scores are; include RANGE AND STANDARD DEVIATION
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Standard Deviation
tell you how spread out the scores are from the mean: BIG SD means scores very spread out....
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Normal Distribution/Symmetrical/Bell Curve
Describes a symmetrical, bell shaped curve that shows the distribution of data/scores
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Positively Skewed Curve
A distribution with a high number of LOW scores (sideways P) and the mean is pushed HIGHER than the median and mode
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Negatively Skewed Curve
A distribution with a high number of HIGH scores; mean is pushed LOWER than the median and mode
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Bimodal Distribution
Curve with two peaks
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Nominal Data
Data of categories only (male/female)
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Ordinal Data
Data involving ranking (1st, 2nd)
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Ratio
Data with an absolute zero (weight, height)
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Interval
Data where differences between numbers is important but there is no absolute zero (temperature, time...)
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Correlational Studies
Examines how closely two variables are RELATED (studying and GPA)(Correlations do NOT prove causation)
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Positive Correlation
When one variable increases, the other also increases, or as one decreases so does the other. Both variables move in the same direction. (studying and GPA)
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Negative Correlation
The relationship between two variables in which one variable increases as the other variable decreases (ex: brush teeth and cavities)
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Correlation Coefficient
A number showing the degree to which variables are related: 0 (no correlation) to 1 (strong correlation), -.80 and +.80 are the same strength, sign in front (+/- ) just tells directions of relationship (positive or negative)
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Scatterplot
A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables;used with correlations
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Illusory Correlation
the false perception of a relationship between two events when none exists. (Ex: wash car and rain)
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Experiment
a study that CAN PROVE cause and effect
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Hypothesis
An educated guess
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Population
Large Sample of People (ALL of Homewood residents)
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Random Sample
A sample in which every element in the population has an equal chance of being selected (All HW residents names in a hat and I select 500)
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Representative Sample
A sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of the population as a whole (have HW residents from all neighborhoods, all genders, all races....)
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Random Assignment
Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance (Take my 500 residents and put names in a hat and draw 250 for experimental group and 250 for control group)
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Experimental Group
Subjects in an experiment to whom the independent variable is administered (in our experiment: got chocolate)
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Control Group
The group that does not receive the experimental treatment (in our experiment: no chocolate)
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Independent Variable
The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied (ex: Chocolate)
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Dependent Variable
The variable that is measured in an experiment (ex: memory)
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Operational Definition
A statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables.(ex: 2 squares of Hershey's Milk Chocolate and 20 random words from Websters)
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Inferential Statistics
Numerical methods used to determine whether research data support a hypothesis or whether results were due to chance(ex: P< .05) (less than 5% results happened by chance--good in USA)
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Statistically Significant
Results are good and didn't happen by chance.
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Ethics
Guidelines established by the APA that must be followed in an experiment: consent, debriefing,confidentiality, no harm....
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Confounding Variables
Factors that cause differences between the experimental group and the control group other than the independent variable (ex: not enough sleep, sick...) Best way to avoid these is through random assignment
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Generalizability
Can my results be used for the general population(did you have a representative sample of the population and follow all rules; if so, then yes:))
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Hawthorne Effect
Changing your behavior because you know you are part of an experiment
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Single Blind Study
An experiment in which participants do not know whether they are in the experimental group or the control group (controls for expectancy effect: think I'm getting something so act differently)
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Double Blind Study
An experiment in which neither the participant nor the researcher knows whether the participant has received the treatment or the placebo (controls for experimenter bias: I wink at you to let you know that you have the "real" medicine)
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Psychology
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes (Behavior: Can see; running) (Mental Process: Can't see; thinking/memories)
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Pseudoscience
A fake or false science that makes claims based on little or no scientific evidence (ex: astrology)
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Barnum Effect
The tendency to accept certain information as true, such as character assessments or horoscopes, even when the information is so vague as to be worthless.
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Empirical Evidence
Scientific evidence obtained by careful observation and experimentation
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Hindsight Bias
"I knew it all along" phenomenon. When looking back at an event you say you knew it was going to end that way.
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Individualistic Culture
a culture that values individual achievement and personal accomplishments (Ex: Western Cultures: USA)
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Collectivistic Culture
a culture in which people believe that their primary responsibility is to their families, their communities, and their employers(ex: Eastern Cultures:China)
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Ethnocentrism
tendency to view one's own culture and group as superior to all other cultures and groups (ex: French women don't shave--yuk!;)
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APA (American Psychological Association)
Maintains all rules/regulations for the profession; largest organization of psychologists in USA
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IRB (Institutional Review Board)
makes sure you are following ethical guidelines in experiments
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IACUC (Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee)