amsco quiz 3

Cold War

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

Soviet Union

a former communist country in eastern Europe and northern Asia

Cold War

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

Soviet Union

a former communist country in eastern Europe and northern Asia

Joseph Stalin

Communist dictator of the Soviet Union

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

Security Council

a 15-member panel that bears the UN's major responsibility for maintaining international security and authorizing peacekeeping missions.

World Bank

A specialized agency of the United Nations that's initial purpose was to fund rebuilding of a war-torn world.

satellites

Nations under control of a great power

Winston Churchill

Former British Prime Minister who declared "An iron curtain has descended across the continent" of Europe

Iron Curtain

A metaphor that refers to the division between the U.S. allies in Western Europe and Soviet allies in Eastern Europe.

containment policy

Truman's policy that was designed to prevent soviet expansion without starting a war

George Marshall

Secretary of State General

Dean Acheson

Undersecretary of State

George F. Kennan

expert on Soviet affairs

Truman Doctrine

the president asked Congress in March 1947 for $400 million in economic and military aid to assist the "free people" of Greece and Turkey against "totalitarian" regimes.

Marshall Plan

$17 billion program of U.S. economic aid to help European nations revive their economies and strengthen democratic governments.

Berlin airlift

President Truman ordered the U.S. planes to fly in supplies to the people of West Berlin.

West Germany

Federal Republic of Germany; U.S. ally

East Germany

German Democratic Republic; Soviet Satellite

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

The military alliance between the United States, Canada, and 10 European nations for defending all members from outside attack.

Warsaw Pact

A military alliance for the defense of the communist states of Eastern Europe; Soviet Union's response to NATO

National Security Act

provided for:

1. A centralized Department of Defense (replacing the War Department) to coordinate operations of the Army, Navy, and Air Force

2. The creation of the National Security Council (NSC) to coordinate the making of foreign policy

3. The creation of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to gather information on foreign governments

arms race

Competition between the Soviet Union and the United states to develop superior weapons systems

NSC-68

Secret NSC report stated that the following measures were necessary to fight the Cold War:

- Quadruple U.S. government defense spending to 20 percent of GNP

- Convince the American public that a costly arms buildup was imperative for the nation's defense

- Form alliances with non-Communist countries around the world

Douglas MacArthur

American general who tool firm charge of the reconstruction of Japan.

U.S.-Japanese security treaties

Japan surrendered its claims to Korea and islands in the Pacific, and the United States ended the formal occupation of Japan. One of the treaties also provided for U.S. troops to remain in military bases in Japan for that country's protection against external enemies, particularly Communists. Japan became a strong ally and prospered under the American shield.

Chiang Kai-shek

(Jiang Jie-shi); Chinese nationalist leader who used his command of the Nationalist, or Kuomintang, party to control China's central government.

Mao Zedong

Leader of the Chinese Communist Party that overthrew Chiang Kai-shek

Taiwan

An island once under Japanese rule (Formosa)

People's Republic of China

Mao Zedong's regime in Beijing.

38th parallel

Line that divided Korea - Soviet Union occupied the north and United States occupied the south, during the Cold War.

Kim Il Sung

Communist leader of North Korea

Syngman Rhee

Conservative nationalist leader of South Korea

Korean War

Used by the Truman administration as justification for dramatically expanding the military, funding a new jet bomber (the B-52), and stationing more U.S. troops in overseas bases

John Foster Dulles

Eisenhower's Secretary of State who helped to shape U.S. foreign policy throughout Eisenhower's presidency.

brinkmanship

Dulle's term was used to describe the policy of threatening to go to war in response to any enemy aggression.

Massive Retaliation

policy of threatening to use massive force in response to aggression

Korean armistice

In July 1953, China and North Korea agreed to an armistice that would divide Korea into North Korea and South Korea near the 38th parallel.

atoms for peace

Eisenhower's proposal to the U.N. to slow down the arms race.

open-skies policy

A policy proposed by Eisenhower stated that each country could fly over the other to inspect the nuclear weapons; the Soviets rejected the proposal.

spirit of Geneva

The 1955 meeting in Geneva, which produced the first thaw in the Cold War.

Nikita Khrushchev

New Soviet Leader who denounced the crimes of Joseph Stalin and supported "peaceful coexistence with the West."

peaceful coexistence

Khrushchev's proposal that the U.S. and U.S.S.R. could compromise and learn to live with each other.

Hungarian Revolt

When the Hungarians tried to win their freedom from the Communist regime in 1956, they were crushed down by Soviet tanks. There was killing and slaughtering of the rebels going on by military forces.

Sputnik

The first artificial Earth satellite was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space.

National Aeroautics & Space Administration (NASA)

Created by Congress to direct the U.S. efforts to build missiles and explore outer space.

U-2 incident

A 1960 incident in which the Soviet military used a guided missile to shoot down an American U-2 spy plane over Soviet territory

Cuba

Emergence as a communist country

Fidel Castro

Communist leader of Cuba; overthrew Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1959.

military-industrial complex

The close association of the federal government, the military, and defense industries

Bay of Pigs

Failed CIA operation in April 1961 to overthrow Castro and take over Cuba using Cuban exiles.

Berlin Wall

A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West; stood as a gloomy symbol of the Cold War until it was torn down by rebellious East Germans in 1989.

Cuban Missile Crisis

The 1962 confrontation between US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba.

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

A treaty signed by the Soviet Union and the United States, and roughly 100 other countries, ended the testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere.

Flexible Response Policy

policy issued by the Kennedy Administration which involved preparing for a variety of military responses to international crises rather than focusing on the use of international weapons.

reduced the risk of using nuclear weapons but also increased the temptation to send elite special forces, such as the Green Berets, into combat all over the globe.

Non-Proliferation Treaty

A treaty signed by the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union in July 1968 in which each signatory agreed not to help other countries develop or acquire nuclear weapons.

Henry Kissinger

The main negotiator of the peace treaty with Vietnam and reduced the tensions of the cold war; the secretary of state during Nixon's presidency

Detente

a deliberate reduction of Cold War tensions

antiballistic missiles (ABMs)

a new technology that would have expanded the arms race

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)

US diplomats secured Soviet consent to a freeze on the number of ballistic missiles carrying nuclear warheads. Did not end the arms race, but was a significant step in the right direction

Loyalty Review Board

Set up by the Truman administration to investigate the background of more than 3 million federal employees.

Dennis et al. v. United States

In 1951, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the Smith Act.

Smith Act (1940)

made it illegal to advocate the overthrow of the US government by force or violence

McCarran Internal Security Act (1950)

Passed over Truman's veto by Congress:

1) made it unlawful to advocate or support the establishment of a totalitarian government

2) restricted the employment and travel of those joining Communist-front organizations

3) authorized the creation of detention camps for subversives.

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

Originally intended to seek out Nazis, it was reactivated in the postwar years to find Communists. It not only investigated government officials by also looked for Communist influence in such organizations as the Boy Scouts and in the Hollywood film industry.

Whittaker Chambers

A confessed Communist and a star witness for the HUAC in 1948.

Alger Hiss

Was a prominent official in the State Department who had assisted Roosevelt at the Yalta Conference; was accused of being a communist and giving secret documents to Chambers.

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

Arrested in the Summer of 1950 and executed in 1953, they were convicted of conspiring to commit espionage by passing plans for the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.

Joseph McCarthy

A Republican senator from Wisconsin who used the growing concern over communism to advance his political career.

McCarthyism

"witch hunt" for Communists

television

became a center of family life in American homes

credit cards

provided a quick means of satisfying common material wants in the 1950s

fast food

one measure of success for the new marketing techniques and standardized products as the nation turned from "mom and pop" stores to franchise operations

paperback books

Despite television, Americans read more than ever, so this innovation sold almost a million copies a day 1960

rock and roll

a blend of African American rhythm and blues sounds with White country music, popularized by the gyrating Elvis Presley.

conglomerates

Began to dominate such industries as food processing, hotels, transportation, insurance, and banking.

The Lonely Crowd

Harvard sociologist David Riesman criticized the replacement of "inner-directed" individuals in society with "other-directed" conformists

The Affluent Society

Economist John Kenneth Galbraith wrote about the failure of wealthy Americans to address the need for increased social spending for the common good [influenced the Kennedy + Johnson administrations]

The Catcher in the Rye

JD Salinger provided classic commentary of "phoniness" as viewed by a troubled teenager

Catch-22

Joseph Heller satirized the rigidity of the military and the insanity of war

beatniks

advocated spontaneity, use of drugs, and rebellion against societal standards; became models for the youth rebellion of the 1960s

Warren Commission

the committee that investigated the assassination of President Kennedy; headed by Chief Justice Earl Warren, concluded that Oswald was the lone assassin

Winston Churchill

A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.

Iron Curtain

Winston Churchill's term for the Cold War division between the Soviet-dominated East and the U.S.-dominated West.

George Kennan

an American advisor, diplomat, political scientist, and historian, best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War. He later wrote standard histories of the relations between Russia and the Western powers.

Containment Policy

Established by the Truman administration in 1947 to contain Soviet influence to what it was at the end of World War II.

Truman Doctrine (1947)

Stated that the U.S. would support any nation threatened by communism. Played a large role in the developing cold war with the Soviet Union. Helped set the stage for the Marshall Plan.

Marshall Plan (1947)

A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe on condition they wouldn't go communist. Helped contain communism in Europe and helped our economy as Europe bought from US businesses to rebuild.

Berlin Airlift, 1948

Year-long mission of flying food and supplies to blockaded West Berliners, whom the Soviet Union cut off from access to the West in the first major crisis of the Cold War.

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

Warsaw Pact (1955)

An alliance between Russia and Eastern communist countries against Western capitalist countries in response to NATO

National Security Act of 1947

Passed in 1947 in response to perceived threats from the Soviet Union after WWII. It established the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and National Security Council.

Arms Race

Cold war competition between the U.S. and Soviet Union to build up their respective armed forces and weapons

Chinese Civil War (1949)

War between communist Mao Zedong and nationalist Chaing-Kai Shek. The communists took over and forced the nationalists to retreat to Taiwan

Korean War (1950-1953)

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.

John Foster Dulles diplomacy and brinkmanship

John Foster Dulles was the US Secretary of State under Dwight D. Eisenhower. Dulles thought Truman's containment policy too passive. He pushed for reclaiming the governments of Eastern Europe and encouraging Taiwan to stand up to China. His hard-line foreign policy became known as brinksmanship.

Massive Retaliation

also known as Mutually Assured Destruction, this policy was a result of the arms buildup of both the United States and Soviet Union. Because Dulles called for more advanced nuclear weapons instead of traditional military forces, the Soviet Union responded with advanced weapons of their own. Because both sides possessed thousands of destructive weapons, a mutually destructive all-out war never happened.

Atoms for Peace

Eisenhower's speech in which he put forth a plan to reduce Cold War tensions after Stalin's death in 1953.open-skies policy and spirit of Geneva

"Open Skies" Policy & Spirit of Geneva

The open-skies policy was a plan to open up airspace over both the US and the Soviet Union proposed by Eisenhower in a meeting between he and the Soviet leadership in 1955. Though the open-skies plan was rejected, it led to a thaw in the Cold War between 1955-1958 known as the spirit of Geneva.

Sputnik Shock

In 1957, the US was stunned by the Soviets' launching of their first two satellites, Sputnik 1 and Sputnik 2, into orbit. The resulting embarrassment caused Congress to pass the National Defense and Education Act in 1958, which authorized hundreds of millions of dollars to be put into math and science education.

NASA

In 1958, Congress authorized the creation of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to direct the US efforts to build missiles and explore outer space.