A&P Chapter 1-4

Anatomy

Study of internal and external structures

Physiology

How living organisms perform vital functions

Atoms

Smallest stable units of matter, building blocks

Whole Organism

Human being, needs all 11 systems working for life and health

Organ System Level

Interaction of organs and tissues for a common purpose

Molecular Level

Atoms join to form molecules, functional properties and determined by shape

Organ Level

2 or more tissues organized to perform several functions

circular level

Smallest living structural and functional unit of he body

tissue level

group of cells working together to perform specific functions

cardiovascular system

Distributes blood

Ex: heart, vessels, blood

Urinary system

Removes waste, controls water loss

Ex: kidneys, bladder

Reproductive system

Male: Produce sperm and male hormones

Ex: testes

Female: Produce eggs, female hormones, support infant

Ex: Overies, uterus

Integumentary system

Protection from environment, regulate temperature, sensory information

Ex: skin, hair, nails

Lymphatic system

Retains fluid, immune system

Ex: Spleen, lymph nodes

nervous system

coordinates organ systems, responds and reacts to stimuli

Ex: brain, spine, nerves

Digestive System

Digests food, absorbs nutrients

Ex: stomach, liver, intestines

respiratory system

Provides o2 to blood, communication, balance pH

Ex: Lungs, trachea

Skeletal System

Support and protect, mineral storage

Ex: bone, cartilage, ligaments

muscular system

movement, protection and support, body temperature

Ex: muscles, tendons

Endocrine system

coordinates organ systems, metabolic activity, development

Ex: pituitary gland, sex gland

homeostasis

existence a relatively stable internal environment

disorder

an abnormality of structure or function

disease

a disorder characterized by a set of signs or systems

auto regulation

when a cell or system adjusts its its activities automatically

extrinsic regulation

when the nervous or endocrine systems cause a change in activities

receptor

senses a change in a particular parameter, stimulus

control center

receives and processes information from receptor, directs a change

effector

responds to command, can oppose or enhance stimulus

negative feedback

stimulus produces a response that opposes or stops the original stimulus

positive feedback

stimulus produces a response that increases or enhances the original response. Tends to produce extreme responses, escalating cycle

dynamic equilibrium

body is continually adjusting and reacting

anatomical position

palms forward

sagittal

front to back, lateral view

coronal

ear to ear view

transverse

cross view, split upper and lower body

superior

above

inferior

below

anterior

front

posterior

back

cranial

head (cephalic)

caudal

tail

dorsal

back

ventral

belly

proximal

closer to attachment

distal

distance from attachment

medial

toward midline

lateral

away from midline

ipsilateral

same side

contralateral

opposite side

bilateral

both sides

supine

face up

prone

face down

costal

posterior ribs

lumbar

posterior lower back

gluteal

posterior butt

flank

side

axilla

arm pit

pectoral

anterior chest

abdominal

anterior belly

groin or inguinal

between hips and pubic area

serous membrane

lines cavities

parietal

lines body wall

visceral

lines organs

serous fluid

viscera lubricant

cranial cavity

brain

spinal cavity

spinal cord

thoracic cavity

above diaphragm

pleural cavity, plural membrane

lungs

pericardial cavity, pericardium

heart

abdominal cavity, peritoneum

organs

pelvic cavity

bladder, rectum

4 quadrants

UL, UR, LL, LR

brachium

upper arm

ante brachium

forearm

cubital

posterior elbow

ante cubical

anterior elbow

thigh

upper leg

calf

posterior leg

popliteal region

posterior knee

plantar

sole or foot

Sex Cells

reproductive cells; male sperm, female oocytes

Plasma Membrane

Seperates inside of cell from extracellular fluid

Extracellular fluid

all body fluids found otuside of the cell

Interstitial fluid

watery medium of tissues outside of the cell

Functions of Plasma Membrane

Physical barrier

Regulate exchange with the environment

Sensitivity to environment

Structural Support

Membrane lipids

Barrier to ions and water soluble compounds

Hydrophillic

Heads- toward watery environment, both sides

Hydrophobic

Fatty-acid tails- inside membrane

First function of membrane proteins

Anchoring proteins- attach to inside or outside structures

Second function of membrane proteins

Recognition proteins- label cells normal or abnormal

Third function of membrane proteins

Enzyme- catalyze reactions

Fourth function of membrane proteins

Receptor Proteins- Binds and responds

Fifth function of membrane proteins

Carrier proteins- transport specific solutes through membrane

Sixth function of membrane proteins

Channels- regulate water flow and solutes through membrane

Functions of membrane carbohydrates

Specificity and Recognition

Plasma membrane transport

Nutrients in and products and waste out

Permeability

determines what moves in and out of the cell

Freely

Permeable lets anything pass

Selectivity

Permeable restricts movement

Impermeable

lets nothing in or out