Anthropology 205 Exam 3 Lynch TAMU

Cocolitzli

*Aztec word for smallpox.

*Is highly virulent.

Macpalxocitl

*Hand-Flower Tree

*Made a tea from this that helped with many cardiac problems.

Oxytoxic

*A plant that induces labor.

*Ex. Avocado and Papaya

Zoonose

*Diseases that can be passed from animals to humans.

*High virulence and unrecognizable.

*Originated in China.

Virulence

The ability of an agent of infection to produce disease.

Sli Poda

Also known as Elephantiasis or Filariasis.

*Affects the lower extremities.

*Estimated Population Risk: 1.3 Billion

*Host: Humans

*Agent: Nematodes (round-like worms that live in the lymphatic system).

*Vector: The Culex Mosquito

Co-Evolution

The influence of closely associated species on each other in their evolution.

Example: Vector feeds exclusively at night, agent active only at night. It requires both the host and the vector to complete its life cycle.

Prevalence and Incidence Rates

*Prevalence the total percentage or number of cases of an illness at a given time

*Incidence is the number of new cases of a disease at a specified time.

Ishi

Yahi was driven off land during california gold rush; yahi people were attacked and killed because of the land they chose; Ishi, his sister, and his mother, another girl his age, and a few others went and hid in the mountains for years. Surveyors came upon them, and took their supplies as souvenirs. Ishi was the only one who survived that winter, and was alone for three years before found then given a room in museum, became a tourist attraction. Died 3 years later for tuberculosis.

Curare

a drug used in ethnobotany

Dawes Act

1887; One hundred million acres of land lost, 160 acre plots; each head of household get 160 acres of land. Big Problem; were going to have to be divided between multiple children

World-Systems Theory

effect of powerful international corporations

Coprolite

worms of intestinal parasites, outer coats of seeds, scales on a reptile

Koryak Shamen

*Would give patients a hallucinogenic mushroom called Amanita Muscaria.

*They would then collect the urine from the patient and drink it so they would both hallucinate.

*Then the shaman would have visions on how to cure the patient.

Susto

Soul Loss; Culture Bound Syndrome; heavy disease load; can carry a variety of biological symptoms; was believed for al ing time a way for people to get out of work.

What is the concept of the limited good?

*In traditional societies, it is believed there is a finite amount of good to go around.

*Therefore, when one person profits, another one loses.

Variables of Disease Patterning

1. Environmental: Ex-Filariasis and Malaria.

2. Demographic: Population factors like population density. Ex-Small Pox in the new world which was far more deadly among the Aztecs (a.k.a. Cocolitzlo).

3. Idosyncratic: risks which are particular to the individual...Can be behavioral or genetic.

4. Cultural: health risks which directly relate to normative cultural behavior. Ex-Beri Beri in Thailand, Prostate Cancer in U..S (diet in red meat), Heart Disease in Japan.

Sub-Categories:

*Incidence Rate-the number of new cases in a given population each year.

*Prevalence Rate-the total number of cases of a particular disease in a given population at a given time. Ex-Higher in U.S. than Brazil.

Infectious Disease

Using evolutionary models at the population level to mold pathogens to a more benign state of existence.

Ex: Wide-spectrum antibacterials, re-thinking cost-benefit analysis, and "Nothing but Nets."

What are wide-spectrum antibiotics?

An antibiotic that acts against a wide range of disease-causing bacteria.

Origins of Malaria

*Began about 2000 years ago in Central and West Africa with the spread of agriculture.

*The deforestation of tropical areas caused the rapid spread of the disease.

*Transmission by mosquitoes.

*Occurs mostly in rural, poor economical areas.

Penny Capitalism

Desperate Supply & Selective Demand:

*Indigenous economies in which there is land tenure over tiny plots of land, where farmers produce crop surplus and engage in small-scale trading.

Ex-Minimum Salaries, Selling of Wares (pottery), International Companies can skirt around environmental laws in poor economies.

The World's Have-Not's

An off-shoot, or product of state level societies and market economies.

*50% of world population.

*High infant mortality.

*Poor Health and Nutrition

*Unequal Distribution of Income

Scrimshaw's Vicious Cycle

Malnutrition>Intestinal Parasites>Diarrhea>Weakening of the Immune System>Infectious Diseases

Outcomes of contact with indigenous peoples

1. Cultural Extinction: war, disease, famine. They usually loose cultural ways and split up. Example; Native American Groups, Brazil people, Amazon Groups

2. Assimilation: Acceptance of new ways and become first class citizens. Almost never happens. Example; Alaska, Arizona

3. Creation of Subordinate Status: Most common today. They become second class citizens and not destroyed but not fully assimilated. Loose majority of their power. Example; Oakoni's people

Health and the adoption of agriculture

This is an example of Paleogeography. Population Factors and settlement changes. The shift to agriculture brings health down because it increase infectious disease and nutritional stress. Waste builds up resulting in everyone getting sick. More chances for you to get sick because people settle in one area.

Filariasis

A tropical disease caused by the presence of filarial worms. Can often lead to elephantiasis. Spread by misquotes. Behrehorst Foundation (trained locals in medicine to help more rural areas, first priority was digging wells for a water source).

Solar water pump

The pumps helped save time because they spent less time pumping water but the children didn't have jobs now. This led to a lot children getting in trouble. The women would destroy them because it ruined their social time. This widened the gap between the rich and the poor.

free housing

Apache Housing Project. Houses were set on a grid pattern. The way they were built clashed with traditional customs. People didn't like and destroyed them to make them the way they liked it. The government tried to sue them for destroying government property.

switch to agriculture in kenya

The north was forced to agriculture compared to the southern tribe who weren't forced to switch. This was much better and more appropriate for the land use.

Cocaine in Bolivia

Kids from the highlands went to find jobs in the cities to help support their families. They found good paying jobs in the cocaine factory but they would start to fall apart because they became addicted. They had to stomp the mixture which eventually ate through their feet. So they would stop paying them and then they would end up on the streets.

Pirambu development programs

Built 1/2 dozen bakeries which employ people. Set up schools to train women how to sew. Own a nut plantation which employs 7,000 men. Sell childrens postcards in stores; keeps children from going into crime. Everything was sold at the same price.

Vicos project

Grassroots Economic Development: Allen Homberg: revolutionized agriculture in Peru. Share cropping system. Holmberg rents Hacienda and payed wages to everyone who worked. Taught Native people their culture and rights as citizens. It was profitable because people wanted to work.

KEEP

Cathie Jordan created Kayama elementary educate program. Taught people about the their own Hawaiian culture. She noticed how at home children were given a lot of responsibility but as school they wren's. She said to have less verbal instruction, leave the room more often, and let children make more decisions.

Berhorst

A foundation that is meant to help women and children with many different things. Malnutrition is their first priority. They provide fresh water. He worked to really hard to find funding.

AIDS and IV drug uses

AIDs and IV Drug Use; set protocals were established. High % of drug users use unclean needles. Finding clean needles is much harder than getting drugs. Free needle exchanges (of clean needles) has greatly reduced the spread of disease.

Anthropology and business

Culture Broker. U.S companies were not good at putting business in Latin America but Japan was because they had studied the culture and adapted to it. An anthropologist will be hired to work all levels of the business and write up a report of what employees like. Hector Qirko (TVA) would supply power to many states around Tennessee. Tenncare (first medicaid) was first in Tennessee and did not work at all.

Ethnomedicine

information that pertains to theories of disease and forms of therapy specific to a given culture

tonali

excess blood in the head that put pressure on the ?

Trephination

small hole drilled into skull in circular shape

amanita muscaria

type of hallucinogenic mushroom; reindeer love it

The World's Have-Nots Characteristics

-compromise about 50% of the world's population

-infant mortality rates are very high

-overall health is poor

-overall nutrition is very poor

have little or not autonomy or opportunity

-extreme poverty

-unequal distribution of income

Reasons for underdevelopment:

-geography

-Lack of arable land/resources

-climate

-Only recently oil, metals, construction metals, etc have become crucial for the development of countries

-history of colonization

4 Categories of Variables of Disease Patterning:

1. Environmental

2. Demographic

3. Idiosyncratic

4. Cultural

Malaria

anopoleme mosquito carries disease

Demographic

population factors, how many people, how densely populated examples

eg. Smallpox in the new world, Virgin Population, farm more virulent (deadly) -- but enormous differences in virulence>Aztec (Cocolitzili) versus Native North Americans; believed to be a demon

Idiosyncratic

risks which are particular to the individual, can be behavioral or genetic

Cultural

health risks which directly relate to normative cultural behavior

eg. Beri Beri in Thailand; Prostate Cancer in US; Heart disease in Japan; AIDS

genetic

it has to do with your family's history; idiosyncratic

behavioral

insurance companies don't like to have pople who live riskier lives; idiosyncratic

incidence rate

the number new cases in a given population each year

prevalence rate

the total number of cases of a particular disease in a given population at a given time

epidemiologic triad

relationship between a host, agent, and vector

host

human beings

agent

organism which causes the disease

filariasis agent

nematode

vector

the Culex mosquito

ecological factors

a tropical environment with innumerable strands of stagnant water

demographic factors

very dense, unprotected host population

cultural factors

belief that elephantiasis is caused by divine punishment, social stigma

Stages of filariasis

1. headache, fever

2. first stage where swelling appears -- treatment is most necessary

3. swelling is full blown

4. skin starts to die/harden and fall off; prone to infection

Treatment of filariasis

very painful; six weeks solid

3 possible outcomes of National Societies' Impact on Indigenous Peoples

1. Cultural Extinction

2. Assimilation

3. Creation of Subordinate Status

Cultural Extinction

can be Physical > war disease, famine, or Cultural > descendants live, but lose cultural ways/split up, no longer exist as a people

Yanamamo

a bunch of tribes in the Amazon river basin went extinct

Assimliation

acceptance of new ways; integration into mainstream society as first class citizen; almost never happens

Creation of Subordinate Status

Most Common Today; become second-class citizens, not destroyed, but live apart-not fully assimilated; loose their autonomy, ability to make economic decisions, access to resources and land.

World Systems Theory

effect of powerful international corporations

Goals of Modernization--underdeveloped countries

1. Education

2. Technology Transfer

3. Participation in Cash Economy

Education in underdeveloped countries

teach them english; change unwanted social practices

technology transfer in underdeveloped

agriculture is more productive than horticulture; agriculture is more productive than pastoralism

participation in cash economy

putting more people to work give more tax revenues which give bigger salaries

Guarani Indians of Itanarami Village in Eastern Paraguay

-deforestation at rapid rate, land and soil not suitable for mono cropping/raising livestock.

-Guarani traditional subsistence, crop rotation, slash and burn, small clearings

-would keep the land from being deforested

Apache Housing Project

-Houses set on grid pattern, clash with traditional matrilineal customs

-there houses are always circular and they live in separate houses in a matrilineal cluster

-door has to face east

-apache got sued for property damage

-government lost

Pastoralism in Kenya

-forced agriculture in North, compared to southern tribe

-Ngisonyoka Turkana Pastoralists: facts, figures and technique they utilize. much better, more appropriate, land use

-Were relocated to small farms and were forced to sell of their animals plots to pay off loans for their plots of land

-nomadic pastoralism was a very inefficient way to farm land

-kept people isolated without modernization

-ruined the land for pastoralism

-1/3 of of pastoralist population were living in famine camps by end of 1980.

Cocaine Trade in Bolivia

-facts and figures, cases studies of villages

-native indians of bolivia normally chewed coca leaves as an everyday tonic, to help breathe at higher altitudes, similar to having a cup of coffee

-the places to grow coca plants are also the best places for agriculture

-causes food shortage

-unable to buy food because of super high prices

-only job that paid enough wages was cocaine production

-growing and cutting of coca plants very little work --> coca paste --> refined to powder cocaine

-countryside the drug lords rule

-despite, enormous hardship, still bolivia's biggest income

Medical Anthropology

the comparative and holistic study of culture's impact on health and health-seeking beahvior

Paleopathology

the study of disease and prehistoric populations

Lack of Cancer

cancer only present society --> happens in organs most of the time; symptoms of the past are more along the lines of in the bones, blood cancers, leukemia

Paleodemography

population factors, settlement changes, age and sex ratios, life expectancy

Enamel Hypoplasias

increasing frequencies

Harris Lines

nutritional stress; lines on the ends of long bones

porotic hyperosteosis

thickening and porousness over the eye bones

archaelogical contributions

reconstructions of diet and habitat

coprolites

worms of intestinal parasites, outer coats of seeds, scales on a reptile

artifacts

grinding stones, arrowheads, studies of pottery uses

Linguistics

folk domains; taxonomies

Cultural Studies in medical anthropology

1. studies of ethnomedicine, including ethnobotany, often tied to belief systems

2. studies of personality and mental health in diverse cultural settings

3. Applied studies in international public health and planned community change programs

Ethnobotany

modern drugs and indigenous use

thrifty genes

selected during our evolutionary past to predispose carriers toward more efficient extraction and retention of then scare, yet essential nutrients

comparisons of Paleolithic nutrition and activity with that of today

-fruits, legumes, nuts and seeds composed of 65% of the caloric intake

-salt consumption is 10 times of what it was in Paleolithic times

-majority of our caloric intake comes from fat and sugar, which are empty calories

infectious disease

using evolutionary models at the population level to mold pathogens to a more benign state of co-existence.

applied anthropology

the use of anthropology to solve practical problems

development anthropology

part of the broad, multi-disciplinary field of International Development, which tires to improve human welfare, particularly in underdeveloped and developing countries. Emphasizes Sustainability as a goal/requirement.

Haiti: Location

Hispaniola and Dominican Republic

Haiti: Meaning behind name

"highland"

Haiti: The people

The Taino

-enslaved

Haiti: Who was in control

Spain and then France

Haiti: Independence

gained during french revolution

Haiti: Rulers

22 dicators

Haiti: USA

military occupation began in 1915