APUSH Chapter 35 Voabulary

ABC-1 agreement

agreement between Britain and the US that should the US enter WWII, they would "get Germany first"

Executive Order No. 9066

1942, authorized 110,000 Japanse-Americans on Pacific Coast in concentration camps, caused by post-Pearl Harbor hysteria and long historical swell of anti-Japanese prejudice on the West Coast; upheld in 1944 Korematsu v. US

War Production Board (WPB)

A federal agency that coordinated U.S. industry, successfully mobilized the economy to produce vast quantities of military supplies, and stopped manufacture of nonessential items

Office of Price Administration (OPA)

brought ascending prices under control with extensive regulations, like rationing

National War Labor Board (NWLB)

imposed ceilings on wage increases

Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act

June 1943, b/c of threats of production loss through strikes; authorized federal government to seize and operate tied-up industries, strikes against a government-operated industry was a criminal offense

WACs (Women's Army Corps)

The women's branch of the US Army established during World War II to employ women in noncombatant jobs

WAVES (Women Accepted

for Volunteer Emergency Service)

The women's branch of the US navy established during WWII to employ women in noncombatant jobs

SPARs (U.S. Coast Guard Women's Reserve)

The women's branch of the US Coast Guard established during WWII to employ women in noncombatant jobs

Bracero program

1942 Government arrangement whereby substantial numbers of Mexican workers were temporarily brought into the United States to provide agricultural labor

Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC)

1941 federal agency established to guarantee opportunities for African American employment in World War II industries

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

1942, new militant organization committed to nonviolent "direct action"

code talkers

Comanche and Navajo men in the armed forces who transmitted radio messages in their native languages, incomprehensible to the Germans and the Japanese

Battle of Midway

crucial naval battle of June 1942, in which U.S. Admiral Chester Nimitz blocked the Japanese attempt to conquer a strategic island near Hawaii; stopped Japan's juggernaut and was turning point in the battle against Japan

D-Day

The beginning of the Allied invasion of France in June 1944, planned at the Tehran conference, led by US forces in Normandy, liberated France

V-E (Victory in Europe) Day

May 1945, marked the official end to the war in Europe, following the unconditional surrender of what remained of the German government

Potsdam conference

July 1945, President Truman met with Joseph Stalin and the British leaders, issued ultimatum to Japan: surrender or be destroyed--no response, causing the atomic bomb droppings on Hiroshima then Nagasaki

Manhattan Project

The top-secret project to develop the atomic bomb

V-J (Victory in Japan) Day

August 1945, the surrender of Japan and the final end to World War II; official surrender ceremonies conducted by MacArthur

Douglas MacArthur

Commander of the U.S. Army in the Pacific during World War II, held off the Japanese in the Philippines until April 1942, recaptured New Guinea Aug 1944, retook Manila Jan 1945

Chester Nimitz

Commander of the U.S. naval forces in the Pacific and brilliant strategist of the island-hopping campaign and helped with victory at the Battle of Midway (June 1942)

Dwight D. "Ike" Eisenhower

Commander of the Allied military assault against Hitler in North Africa (Nov 1942) and France (June 1944), with general Patton

Harry S Truman

Inconspicuous former senator from Missouri, became FDR's running mate in 1944 b/c conservative dems didn't like Henry Wallace anymore; suddenly president after FDR's death in April 1945

Albert Einstein

German-born physicist who helped persuade Roosevelt to develop the atomic bomb after France's fall in 1940

Rosie the Riveter

Symbolic personification of female laborers who took factory jobs in order to sustain U.S. production during World War II

Philippines

U.S.-owned Pacific archipelago seized by Japan in the early months of World War II

unconditional surrender

Controversial U.S.-British demand on Germany and Japan that substituted for a second front

Casablanca, Morocco

Site of 1943 Roosevelt-Churchill conference in North Africa, at which the Big Two planned the invasion of Italy and further steps in the Pacific war

Tehran

Iranian capital where Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met, in late 1943, to plan D-Day in coordination with Russian strategy against Hitler in the East

Battle of the Bulge

The December 1944 German offensive that marked Hitler's last chance to stop the Allied advance

Iwo Jima and Okinawa

The last two heavily defended Japanese islands conquered by the United States near the end of World War II in 1945

John L Lewis

Tough head of the United Mine Workers, whose work stoppages precipitated antistrike laws

A. Philip Randolph

Head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters whose threatened march on Washington in 1941 opened job opportunities for blacks during World War II

Erwin Rommel

top German general in North Africa whose 1942 advance was finally halted at El Alamein by British General Montgomery

Jiang Jieshi

U.S. ally who resisted Japanese advances in China and received supplies via the Burma Road (until Japanese cut it) during World War II

Winston Churchill

Allied leader who met with FDR to plan strategy at Casablanca (early 1943) and Teheran (late 1943)

Joseph Stalin

The Allied leader who constantly pressured the United States and Britain to open a second front against Hitler

Thomas E. Dewey

republican presidential nominee in 1944 who failed in his effort to deny FDR a fourth term

Henry A. Wallace

FDR's liberal vice president during most of World War II, dumped from the ticket in 1944

Hirohito

Japanese emperor who was allowed to stay on his throne, despite unconditional surrender policy

beachhead

The first position on a beach secured by an invading force and used to land further troops and supplies

underground

A secret or illegal movement organized in a country to resist or overthrow the government

acclamation

A general and unanimous action of approval or nomination by a large public body, without a vote

bastion

A fortified stronghold, often including earthworks or stoneworks, that guards against enemy attack

bazooka

A metal-tubed weapon from which armor-piercing rockets are electronically fired

depose

Forcibly remove from office or position

Henry J Kaiser

"Sir Launchalot," miracle-man shipbuilder, once made one in 14 days