Anaphy Lab Exam (Finals)

Sphygmomanometer

instrument that measures blood pressure

3 Types of Sphygmomanometer

• Mercurial

• Aneroid

• Digital

Digital

Less accurate (type of Sphygmomanometer)

Aneroid

Sort of spring like a weighing scale

Mercurial

Callibrated tube filled with mercury

Arterial blood pressure

crucial physiologic parameter that represents the force exerted by blood against the walls of the arteries

Factors contribute to the maintenance of arterial blood pressure

• Cardiac Output (CO)

• Peripheral resistance

• Blood volume

• Elasticity of Arteries

• Sympathetic Nervous System Activation

Renin-Angiostenin-Aldosterone System

Regulates blood pressure by fluid and electrolyte balance

Sympathetic Nervous System Activation

When activated, releases norepinephrine, leading to vasoconstriction and increased heart rate

Elasticity of Arteries

The more elastic the arteries, the lower resistance and better they can absorb

Blood volume

An increas im blood volume, such as through fluid retention or excessive fluid intake, can elevate blood pressure

Increased peripheral resistance

Raises blood pressure

Dilation of blood vessels

Reduces resistance and lowers blood pressure

Peripheral resistance

resistance that blood encounters as it flows through the arteries

Cardiac Output

Volume of blood ejected by the heart per minute

Heart murmur

turbulent blood flow in the heart sounds like whooshing and swishing when listened to with a steth

lub sound

beginning of ventricular systole (contraction)

S1 (First Heart Sound)

closure of atrioventricular valves, tricuspid valve on the right side and mitral valve on the left side

dub sound

beginning of ventricular diastole (relaxation)

S2 (Second Heart Sound)

closure of semilunar valves, pulmonary valve in the pulmonary artery and aortic valve in the aorta

Auscultation

Is the process of listening to the sounds within the body using stethoscope

Pulse

Produced by the movement of blood during the heart’s contraction

Pulse

wave-like sensation that can be palpated in peripheral arteries

60-100 times per minute at rest

Heart contraction in most adults

Pulse rate

Number of peripheral pulsation in a minute

Tachycardia

heart rate between 100 and 150 b/m for adults

Bradycardia

heart rate less than 60 b/m

Palpitation

Awareness of one’s own heart contraction without having to feel the pulse

Pulmonary valve

Prevent deoxygenated blood from going back to the ventricle

Aortic valve

Prevent oxygen-rich blood from going back to the left ventricle

Bicuspid valve

Prevent backflow of the blood to the left atrium

Tricuspid valve

Prevent backflow of the blood to the right atrium

Fossa ovalis

It disappears after birth and become a connective tissue called

250g

Weight of heart (F)

300g

Weight of heart (M)

Apex

Pointed end

Base

Broad opposite

Serous pericardium

Thinner, delicate membrane that forms a doubler layer around the heart

Fibrous pericardium

Tough, dense, inelastic connective tissue that prevents the overstretching of the heart

Pericardium

A membrane that surrounds and protects the heart

Types of White Blood Cells

• Neutrophils

• Lymphocytes

• Monocytes

• Eosinophils

• Basophils

Neutrophils

are the most abundant type of WBC; immune response against bacterial infections

Lymphocytes

involved in the immune response, including the recognition and elimination of viruses and other different subtypes; T and B cells

Monocytes

Large white blood cells that can differentiate into macrophages

Eosinophils

immune response to parasites and are also involved in allergic reactions

Basophils

Release histamine and heparin

White Blood Cells

Crucial component of the immune system

Blood

Flows through and circulates within the cardiovascular system

Serum

Liquid matrix of clotted blood

Plasma

Liquid matrix of unclotted blood

Passive hyperemia or congestion

Impaired exit of blood through venous pathways

Edema

Increased hydrostatic pressure

Active hyperemia

Increased supply of blood from the arterial system

Immersing the index finger in hot water

Active hyperemia

Cyanosis

Bluish color

Erythema

Tissue Redness

Rubber band tight to venous vein

Passive hyperemia

Passive

Slowing down of the venous return

Active

Increased blood flow to a specific area or dilation of blood vessels

Hyperemia or congestion

Increase of blood flow or an excess flow of blood in the vessel in a certain area of the body

Orchiectomy

Surgical procedure that involves removal of one or both testicles

Oophorectomy

woman’s ovaries removed

Target cells or organs

has a receptor specific for that hormone only

Spirometry

Lab procedure to determine the strength of the lungs

Spirometer

a tool used to measure the volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs

Spirogram

a record of pulmonary volumes using the spirometer

Breath-holding time

Refers to the duration an individual can voluntarily hold their breath without taking another breath

Factors that influence Breath-holding time

• Lung Capacity

• Fitness Level

• Breathing Techniques

• Psychological Factors

• Underwater Activities

Cholecystokinin

Instrumental in lipid digestion by coordinating release of bile and pancreatic enzymes

Excretory System

Maintian homeostasis by regulating the balance of water, electrolytes and pH in the body; helps eliminate metabolic waste products

Kidneys

Primary organs of the excretory system

Nephrons

Millions of functional units (kidney) which filter the blood and form urine

Ureters

Muscular tubes that connect each kidney to the urinary bladder

Peristaltic contractions

Transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder

Urinary bladder

Stores urine until it is ready to be in the body; can expand and contract to accommodate varying volumes of urine

Urethra

A tube that connects to the urinary bladder to the external urethral orifice

Renal arteries

Deliver oxygenated blood to the kidneys for filtration

Renal veins

Carry deoxygenated blood away from the kidneys

Renal pelvis

Funnel-shaped structure in the kidney that collects urine from nephrons

Nephrons

Functional units of the kidneys responsible for filtering blood and forming urine

Renal corpuscle

Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus

Renal tubule

Proximal convoluted tubule, loops of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule

Collecting ducts

Gather urine from multiple nephrons and transport it towards the renal pelvis

Calyces (Major and Minor)

Cup-like structures that collect urine from the collecting ducts and transport it to the renal pelvis

Turbidity in urine

Cloudiness or haziness of the urine

Higher specific gravity

Higher concentrations of dissolved particles

Lower specific gravity

Suggests more dilute urine

Filtration

Blood enters the kidney through the renal arteries

Glomerulus

Functional unit of kidney, contains a network of tiny blood vessels

Glomerular filtrate

Blood is forced through the walls of the glomerulus and a fluid called — is formed.

Secretion

Substances that were not filtered adequately or need to me eliminated in excess

Tubular fluid

Fluid that remains in the renal tubules after reabsorption and secretion

Antidiuretic hormone

Concentration of urine is regulated by this hormone