Patriarchy, Crime, and Justice: Feminist Criminology in an Era of Backlash

Masculinization theory

________: the same forces that propel men into violence will increasingly produce violence in girls and women once they are freed from the constraints of their gender.

Vengeful equity

________: treating women offenders as though they were men, particularly when the outcome is punitive.

Gender violence

________ (sexual assualt, sexual harrassment, wife abuse) was ignored, minimized, and trivialized.

gender order

The ________ is complex and shifting.

African american women

________ account for almost half of all incarcerated women.

20th century

looking back, looking forward

masculinization theory

the same forces that propel men into violence will increasingly produce violence in girls and women once they are freed from the constraints of their gender

mutual arrests

arresting both parties in a domestic violence incident if its unclear who the primary aggressor is

vengeful equity

treating women offenders as though they were men, particularly when the outcome is punitive

When was the Women and Crime Division of the American Society of Criminology founded?

1982

emancipation hypothesis

women are demanding equal opportunity in the crime world the same way they are demanding equal opportunity in fields of legitimate endeavor

Is the emancipation hypothesis of women's crime accurate?

No

reductionism

the belief that human behavior can be explained by breaking it down into smaller component parts

determinism

a philosophical theory holding that all events are inevitable consequences of antecedent sufficient causes

what are some issues with the masculinization theory?

women's violence wasn't increasing, but this created a self-fulfilling prophecy. at the same time, the criminal justice system was being harsh on girls because of this theory

pros of mandatory arrest in domestic assault cases

domestic assault was becoming criminalized

cons of mandatory arrest in domestic assault cases

mutual arrests, men using the system to intimidate and control their wives

When was the Women and Crime Division of the American Society of Criminology founded?

1982

contemporary approaches to gender and crime

stress the complexity, tentativeness, and variability with which people negotiate gender identity

Which demographic of women accounts for almost half of all incarcerated women?

African American women

What happened as a result of mutual arrest?

Arrests for adult women increased by 30% and arrests for adult men fell by 5.8%.

Pregnant women are shackled to the bed while giving labor. What is this an example of?

vengeful equity