[6115] Cell Respiration and Lipid Metabolism

fasted/glucagon

triggers lipolysis

fasted/glucagon

triggers ketogenesis

fasted/glucagon

inhibits fat synthesis

fasted/glucagon

inhibits sterol synthesis

fed/insulin

triggers fat synthesis

fed/insulin

triggers sterol synthesis

fed/insulin

inhibits lipolysis

fed/insulin

inhibits ketogenesis

condensation

first step in fatty acid synthesis

reduction

second and fourth steps per cycle of fatty acid synthesis

dehydration

third step in fatty acid synthesis

3-ketoacyl

first product per cycle of fatty acid synthesis

3-hydroxyacyl

second product per cycle of fatty acid synthesis

enoyl

third product per cycle of fatty acid synthesis

3-ketoacyl

third product of fatty acid oxidation

3-hydroxyacyl

second product of fatty acid oxidation

enoyl

first product of fatty acid oxidation

+2

change in carbons per malonyl-CoA added

-2

change in carbons per cycle of beta-oxidation performed

HMG-CoA lyase

key enzyme in ketogenesis

HMG-CoA reductase

key enzyme in the mevalonate pathway

acetone

the only ketone from the ketone bodies

10

number of carbons of monoterpenes

15

number of carbons of sesquiterpenes

20

number of carbons of diterpenes

30

number of carbons of triterpenes

40

number of carbons of tetraterpenes

high fat, low carb

describe keto diet composition

acyl-CoA dehydrogenase

first enzyme per cycle of fatty acid oxidation

enoyl-CoA hydratase

second enzyme per cycle of fatty acid oxidation

B-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase

third enzyme per cycle of fatty acid oxidation

thiolase

fourth enzyme per cycle of fatty acid oxidation

4

number of ATP produced per cycle of beta-oxidation

10

number of ATP product per round of Krebs cycle

citrate synthase

converts OAA and acetyl CoA to citrate (first step of Krebs cycle)

citrate lyase

converts citrate to OAA and acetyl-CoA (preparation for fat synthesis)

aconitase

converts citrate to isocitrate

isocitrate dehydrogenase

converts isocitrate to a-ketoglutarate

a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

converts a-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA

succinate thiokinase/ succinyl-CoA synthetase

converts succinyl-CoA to succinate

succinate dehydrogenase

converts succinate to fumarate

fumarase

converts fumarate to malate

malate dehydrogenase

converts malate to OAA

NADH/CoQ oxidoreductase

name of ETC complex I

succinate dehydrogenase

name of ETC complex II

cytochrome-CoQ reductase

name of ETC complex III

cytochrome c oxidase

name of ETC complex IV

ATP synthase

name of ETC complex V

6

protons released per FADH

10

protons released per NADH

isocitrate dehydrogenase and a-kg dehydrogenase

two enzymes that release carbon dioxide in Krebs cycle

uncoupling

phenomenon for separating the proton gradient generation and ATP generation

succinyl-CoA

Krebs cycle intermediate for heme synthesis

a-ketoglutarate

Krebs cycle intermediate for nitrogen metabolism (by transamination)

oxaloacetate

Krebs cycle intermediate for gluconeogenesis (you should know this from gng)

2

ATP yield from aerobic respiration

Malate-aspartate shuttle

common shuttle used by cytosolic NADH

Glycerol-phosphate shuttle

Less-common shuttle that consumes 1 ATP per cytosolic NADH

32

Total ATP yield from a molecule of glucose

Complex IV

complex where oxygen lies in the ETC