Bones, Muscles, Joints, Actions and Directions - PSK4U

Action: Abduction

Moving away from the midline

Action - Adduction

Moving towards the midline

Action: Circumduction

Performing flexion, extension, abduction and adduction. Only can be performed at ball-and-socket joints, such as glenohumeral and acetabulofemoral joint

Descriptive Term: Deep

Opposite of superficial. Used as a comparison, e.g - the heart is deep to the skin.

Action: Depression

Moving a body part inferiorly. Opposite of elevation.

Descriptive Term: Distal

Used as a comparison to proximal. Used to describe something that is far away from the axial skeleton, e.g - the lateral and medial mallelous' are distal to the greater and lesser trochanter of the femur.

Action: Dorsiflexion

Pointing the foot upwards

Action: Elevation

To move superiorly, e.g - using levator scapulae

Action: Eversion

To move the outside of the foot superiorly. The biggest phalange of the foot moves closer to the ground

Action: Extension

To increase the angle between 2 points

Action: External Rotation

To rotate a body part away from the midline

Action: Flexion

To decrease the angle between 2 points

Descriptive Term: Inferior

A comparisive term to refer to something lower than on the body. e.g - the xiphoid process is inferior to the manubrium of the sternum

Action: Internal Rotation

To rotate towards the midline of the body

Action: Inversion

To move the inside of the foot superiorly. The smallest phalange of the foot goes closer to the ground.

Descriptive Term: Lateral

Something that is further away from the midline of the body, a comparisive term

Descriptive Term: Medial

Something that is closer to the midline of the body, also a comparisive term

Action: Plantarflexion

Moving the foot inferiorly

Descriptive Term: Posterior

The backside of the body

Action: Pronation

To move the radius and ulna towards the ground.

Action: Protraction

To move the shoulders forward

Descriptive Term: Proximal

A comparisive term to use when describing a part of a limb that is closer than another part of that SAME limb, e.g - my olecranon is proximal to my carpals

Action: Retraction

To move the shoulders backwards

Descriptive Term: Superficial

Something that is closer to the surface of your body than something else, another comparisive term. E.g - my skin is superficial to my bones

Descriptive Term: Superior

Something that is physically higher than something else, e.g - my head is superior to my stomach

Action: Supination

To move the radius and ulna facing the sky, like holding a bowl of soup

DEFINITION: Plane

A plane is an imaginary flat surface running through the body

DEFINITION: Axis

An axis is an imaginary line at right angles to the plane, about which the body rotates or spins.

Axis: Antero-posterior

Front to back relation in anatomical position. Goes through the belly button. Pairs with the frontal plane. E.g - cartwheel (rotation along frontal plane)

Plane: Frontal/coronal

Cuts the body into 2 halves through the side of the abdomen. Movements that occur in this plane are side-to-side motions. Pairs with the antero-posterior axis. E.g - cartwheel (rotation along frontal plane)

Plane: Saggital

Divides the body in half through the middle of the body, through the "saggital suture" of the skull. Pairs with the horizontal axis. E.g - sommersalt

Axis: Horizontal

East/west relation in anatomical position. Movements in the sagittal plane (such as flexion and extension) occur around the horizontal axis. Pairs with the saggital plane. E.g - sommersalt

Plane: Transverse

Divides the body into superior and inferior halves. Movement: Movements that occur in this plane are rotational (around the vertical axis). Pairs with the longitudinal axis. E.g - doing a spin

Axis: Longitudinal

North/south relation in anatomical position. Pairs with the transverse plane. E.g - doing a spin

Bones: Acetabulum

Where the head of the femur fits

Bones: Acromion process

On the scapula

Bones: Atlas

Cervical vertabrae #1

Bones: Axis

Cervical vertabrae #2

Bones: Calcaneus

"Heel" bone

Bones: Capitulum

Circular bone of the elbow joint

Bones: Carpals

Wrist bones that we cannot see through our skin

Cervical region

The first 7 vertebrae, comprising the neck

Bones: Clavicle

Collarbones

Bones: Coccyx

"Tailbone"

Bones: Coracoid process

Anterior side of scapula

Bones: Coronoid fossa

Almost hollow surface that sits above the capitulum

Bones: Crest of ilium

"Hip spine"

Bones: Deltoid tuberosity

Almost hollow indent in the humerus

Bones: Fibula

Connects to the tibia, laterally

Bones: Frontal bone

Front of the skull

Bones: Glenoid cavity

Where the head of the humerus inserts

Bones: Greater trochanter

Near the neck of the femur

Bones: Greater tuburcle

Bony landmark near the head of the humerus

Bones: Head of Humerus

Inserts into glenoid cavity

Bones: Head of radius

Connects to the ulna

Bones: Ilium

Hip bone

Bones: Infraspinous fossa

Posterior side of scapula

Bones: Intertubecular groove

Small groove in between the greater and lesser tuburcle of the humerus

Bones: Interverteberal disc

Disc in between vertebrae

Bones: Ischial tuberosity

Bottom of the ilium (posterior)

Bones: Ischium

Bottom of the ilium (anterior)

Bones: Lateral epicondyle

Near the condyles of the femur

Bones: Lateral mallelous

Projection at the ankle

Bones: Lesser trochanter

Beside the greater trochanter of the femur

Bones: Lesser tuburcle

Beside the greater tuburcle of the humerus

Bones: Linea aspera

Line on the posterior side of the femur

Bones: Lumbar region

Lumbar vertebrae 1-5 at the bottom of the spine

Bones: Mandible

Jaw bone

Bones: Manubrium

Top of the sternum

Bones: Mastoid process

Posterior side of the head, behind the jaw

Bones: Maxilla

Above the jaw

Bones: Medial epicondyle

Beside the condyles of the femur

Bones: Medial mallelous

Projection on the ankle (lateral and medial sides)

Bones: Metacarpals

Is hidden within skin and proximal to the phalanges

Bones: Nasal bone

Bone in our noses

Bones: Occipital bone

Posterior side of the head

Bones: Olecranon

Elbow bone

Bones: Olecranon fossa

Almost hollow area on the humerus for the olecranon to articulate into

Bones: olecranon process

Bones: Parietal bone

Side of the head

Bones: Patella

Knee bone

Bones: Patellar groove

Space on the distal end of the femur for the patella to insert into

Bones: Phalanges

Can mean fingers or toes

Bones: Pubis

Specific part of the ilium

Bones: Radial fossa

Almost hollow area for the radius to insert, beside the trochlea

Bones: Radial notch of ulna

Area on the ulna for the radius to insert, near elbow articulation

Bones: Radial tuberosity

Projection of the radius towards the ulna

Bones: Radius

Distal part of forearm

Bones: Sacral and coccygeal region

Very bottom of vertebrae

Bones: Sacrum

Fused together vertebrae

Bones: Scapula

General shoulder bone

Bones: Scapular spine

Spine of the scapula

Bones: Seven true ribs

Ribs that fully connect to the sternum

Bones: Sternum Shaft

Main part of the sternum

Bones: Styloid process of the radius

Near the wrist

Bones: Subscapular fossa

Anterior side of the scapula

Bones: Supraspinous fossa

Posterior side of the scapula

Bones: Symphysis pubis

Very bottom of ilium

Bones: Talus

Base of ankle

Bones: Tarsals

Similar to the metacarpals of the hand