bio101 chapter2,3,4,5

protons

postive

electrons

negative

neutrons

neutral

What type of bond holds the two strands of DNA together?

hydrogen bond

starch

glucose

DNA

nucleotides

proteins 

amino acids 

triglycerides

fatty acids

Carbohydrates

energy storage and supply

proteins

biochemical reaction with enzymes

lipids

long term energy storage

nucleic acids

genetic information storage

the building blocks to proteins are…

amino acids linked with peptide bonds

Which property of water is important for its role as a solvent in biological systems?

polarity

What is the main function of enzymes in biochemical reactions?

speeding up reactions

Which macromolecule is primarily responsible for storing genetic information?

nucleic acids

monosaccharide

a single-unit sugar and the basic building block of more complex carbohydrates

active transport 

process requires energy to transport substances across the cell membrane

In plant cells, which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis?

chloroplasts

Which organelle is responsible for sorting and packaging proteins and lipids?

Golgi apparatus

The rough endoplasmic reticulum is mainly involved in what process?

Protein modification and folding

How do plant cells maintain their shape and rigidity?

cell wall

What is the function of lysosomes?

break down and recycle waste materials, damaged organelles, and foreign substances

Microtubules are a component of which cell structure?

cytoskeleton

Which type of cell junction allows for communication between adjoining animal cells?

gap junctions

What is the fluid mosaic model?

A description of the plasma membrane structure as a combination of various molecules.

What process describes the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane?

osmosis

In photosynthesis, what is the role of carbon fixation?

Intake of carbon from the atmosphere into organic compounds

What is the function of stomata in photosynthesis?

Regulating gas exchange

What is the initial source of energy for the process of photosynthesis?

sunlight

Which stage of photosynthesis converts solar energy to chemical energy?

light reactions

What are the two main products of the photosynthesis process?

sugar and oxygen 

What is the main function of chlorophyll in the process of photosynthesis?

abosrbing light energy

How do anabolic and catabolic metabolism relate to enzyme activity?

Enzymes facilitate anabolic reactions that build complex molecules and catabolic reactions that break down molecules

How does ATP contribute to cellular work?

By transferring phosphate groups to other molecules

What is the relationship between enzymes and activation energy in a chemical reaction?

Enzymes lower the activation energy required for the reaction to occur

What happens to enzyme activity at unusually high temperatures?

Enzymes denature and lose their catalytic function

What is the primary product of the citric acid cycle that can be used in the electron transport chain?

NADH

What is the role of coenzymes like NAD+ and FAD in cell respiration?

carry electrons

Which molecule serves as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain during aerobic respiration?

Oxygen 

In which stage of cell respiration is carbon dioxide produced?

Citric acid cycle

What is the net yield of ATP molecules produced during glycolysis from one glucose molecule?

2

Which stage of cell respiration occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell?

Glycolysis