atomic_structure_review_

Atomic Structure

Refers to the composition and arrangement of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom.

Nucleus

The very dense core of an atom that contains most of its mass, made up of protons and neutrons.

Electron Cloud

The region around the nucleus where the electrons are likely to be found; its mass is negligible compared to the nucleus.

Electrostatic Attraction

The force that holds the atom together, derived from the attraction between the negatively charged electron cloud and the positively charged nucleus.

Mass Number (A)

The sum of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus; represented as A = Z + N.

Atomic Number (Z)

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which determines the element's identity.

Neutron Number (N)

The number of neutrons in an atom's nucleus.

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, leading to different mass numbers.

Notation of Isotopes

Two common ways to write isotopes include the element's name followed by the mass number (e.g., Carbon-12) or the element's symbol with the mass number as a superscript (e.g., 12C).

Hydrogen Isotopes

Hydrogen-1 (mass number: 1), Hydrogen-2 (deuterium, mass number: 2), and Hydrogen-3 (tritium, mass number: 3).

Isotope Calculations

formula : •(A_r = %A x A_r(A) + %B x A_r(B) + %C x A_r (C)… etc) /100

Relative Atomic Mass Calculation

A process to determine the average atomic mass of an element by factoring in the masses and relative abundances of its isotopes.

Abundance Calculation

The process of determining the percentage abundance of isotopes in a sample.

Copper Isotopes

Copper exists as Cu-63 and Cu-65, with relative abundances that can be calculated given the average atomic mass.

Lithium Isotopes

Lithium has two naturally occurring isotopes, 6Li and 7Li, with specific masses and their natural abundances can be calculated.