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Carbohydrate Examples
glucose
Disaccharide
A double sugar
Monosaccharide
A single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose
Polysaccharide
Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides
Glycosidic Linkage
A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.
Starch
A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose.
Cellulose
A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms
Lipid Examples
fatty acids
Unsaturated Fat
A lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms.
Saturated Fat
A lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms
Steroid
lipid molecule with four fused carbon rings
Phospholipid
a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes
Nucleic Acid Examples
DNA
Protein Examples
amino acids
Triglyceride
a lipid made of three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule
Amino Acid Examples
glutamine
Primary Structure of a Protein
sequence of amino acids
Secondary Structure of a Protein
protein structure is formed by folding and twisting of amino acid chain
Tertiary Structure of a Protein
protein structure is formed when the twists and folds of the secondary structure fold again to from a larger 3D structure
Quaternary Structure of a Protein
protein structure is a protein consisting of more than one folded amino acid chain
Disulfide Bridge
The covalent bond between two sulfur atoms (-S—S-) linking two molecules or remote parts of the same molecule.
Hydrogen Bonds
Very weak bonds; occurs when a hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to the electrostatic atom in another molecule
nucleic acid
kind of macromolecule that stores
Carbon
Hydrogen
nucleotide
monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar
double helix
term used to describe the arrangement of a DNA strand
RNA
ribonucleic acid; a polymer of nucleotides that transfers genetic information
how RNA differs from DNA
the sugar in RNA is ribose; Uracil bonds with Adenine; RNA is single-stranded
Carbon
Hydrogen
amino acid
building block (monomer) of proteins
structure of an amino acid
a carboxyl group
peptide bond
covalent bond formed between amino acids
polypeptide chain
a long line of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds
R-group
stands for the rest of the compound
properties the R-group may give the amino acid
hydrophilic or hydrophobic
four levels of a proteins structure
primary structure
hydrophobic R-groups
move together to the interior of a protein
lipids
macromolecule made of carbon
Carbon
Hydrogen
fatty acid
building block of a lipid made of a hydrocarbon chain and a carboxyl group
glycerol
a carbon alcohol that is hydrophilic
functions of lipids
long-term energy storage
phospholipid
lipid made of two hydrocarbon chains
hydrophobic tail
another name for the hydrocarbon chain in a phospholipid
hydrophobic head
another name for the phosphate group in a phospholipid
-ose
suffix carbohydrates usually end in (gluc-ose
glycosidic linkage
covalent bond that forms between a monosaccharide and another molecule (like another monosaccharide)
macromolecules
large organic molecules
four
number of covalent bonds carbon can form with other elements
hydrocarbons
carbon and hydrogen atoms that are covalently bonded that make them stable and nonpolar
nonpolar
not soluable in water
polar
soluable in water
polymer
molecules that consist of many repeated monomers
monomer
molecules that consist of a single unit
dehydration synthesis
reaction that links monomer molecules together
hydrolysis
the process of adding a water molecule to break a polymer into monomers
functional groups
parts of organic molecules that are involved in chemical reactions
charge of the oxygen atom in a water molecule
slightly negative
charge of the hydrogen atoms in a water molecule
slightly positive
hydrophilic
Term for substances that dissolve in water.
hydrophobic
Term for substances that do not dissolve in water.
high specific heat
property of water in which water changes temperature very slowly with changes in heat due to hydrogen bonding
evaporative cooling
water carries the heat it absorbs away in sweat due to its high specific heat
the reason ice floats in liquid water
less dense as a solid; hydrogen bonds form crystalline structure that keeps the water molecules separate
cohesion
the attraction of like substances; water molecules are attracted to other water molecules; this is due to the hydrogen bonding between water molecules
adhesion
the attraction of unlike molecules; water molecules are attracted to other polar surfaces
atom
Smallest form of an element that still displays its particular properties; consisting of a positively charged nucleus and a negatively charged electron cloud.
protons
Atomic particles with a positive charge (+) found in the nucleus of an atom.
neutrons
Atomic particles with a neutral (o) charge found in the nucleus of an atom.
electrons
Atomic particles with a negative charge (-) found outside the nucleus of an atom.
ion
atom becomes charged when it gains or loses an electron
chemical bond
attraction between two atoms by transferring or sharing electrons to attain a stable electron configuration
nonpolar covalent bond
Bond that forms when electrons are shared equally.
covalent bond
Bond that forms when electrons between atoms are shared.
polar covalent bond
Bond that forms when electrons are shared unequally; like that between the oxygen atom and hydrogen atoms in a water molecule
