AP Bio - Unit 2 biochem

covalent bond

when 2 atoms share a pair of electrons - strong bond 

hydrogen bond

a weak attraction that forms between a hydrogen bond

Ionic bond

a strong attraction between a positive and negative charged ion

specific heat 

the amount of heat (thermal energy) required to raise the temperature of a specific mass of a substance by one degree Celsius (or one Kelvin)

surface tension

the property of a liquid's surface, like water, to act like a stretched elastic membrane due to strong cohesive forces between its molecules

Adhesion

H bonding between H2O and other substance - water sticking to things (paper towel)

cohesion 

H bonding between H2O molecules - surface tension, water is sticky, water bugs floating on water

Heat of vaporization

how much energy it takes to get water to move from a liquid to a gas

Hydrophobic

a molecule or substance that repels water and does not mix with it, often because it is nonpolar

hydrophilic

substances with a strong affinity for water, meaning they are attracted to it and can dissolve or interact easily with it.

pH scale

hydroxyl group

the chemical group or ion OH that consists of one atom of hydrogen and one of oxygen and is neutral or positively charged.

carboxyl group

a functional group made of a carbon atom double-bonded to one oxygen atom and single-bonded to a hydroxyl group

carbonyl group

a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom

amino group

N attracted to 2 H

phosphate group

P bonded to 4 O

sulfhydryl group

S bonded to

polymer

a large molecule made from smaller molecules which are linked together by chemical bonds 

monomer

a small, single molecular unit that can be chemically bonded to other identical ones to form bigger molecules 

dehydration reaction

chemical process where two smaller molecules are joined together to form a larger molecule with the loss of a water molecule

hydrolysis reaction

uses water to break down large, complex molecules into smaller, simpler units,

monosaccharide

simplest form of carbohydrate, a single sugar molecule that cannot be broken down into smaller units

glycosidic link

covalent bond formed by dehydration synthesis - when they hold hands

polysaccharide

large polymers like starch

fatty acid

type of lipid

triacylglycerol

glycerol molecule attached to three fatty acid chains

ester linkage

 the bond found when a fatty acid joins another molecule via dehydration synthesis reaction - bond is found in lipids 

phospholipid

a fat-like molecule that forms the essential structure of cell membranes, creating a barrier with a hydrophilic (water-attracting) head and a hydrophobic (water-repelling) tail. 

steroid 

any group of lipids that have a certain chemical structure

amino acid

organic molecules that are building blocks of proteins

peptide bond

covanlent chemical bond that links two amino acids together to form a polypeptide bond, which turns into a protein

primary structure

order of amino acids determined by DNA - form fits function - protein

secondary structure

folding a long short sections of polypeptide - protein - local folding 

tertiary structure

interactions between distant amino acids - whole protein molecule folding - all proteins fold to this level

quaternary structure

arrangement or interaction of two or more polypeptide chains - most proteins fold to this level

denaturation

unfolding of a protein - conditions that disrupts H bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bridges

disulfide bridges

strong covlanet bonds that form between sulfide atoms

DNA

molecule that carries genetic information and instruction

RNA

carries genetic information from DNA and makes proteins and regulates celluar processes 

Nucleotide

building block and DNA and RNA

enzyme

protein that catalyzes (speeds up) a specific chemical reaction within living organisms, acting as a biological catalyst that is not consumed by the reaction

activation energy

minimum energy to start a chemical reaction

catalyst

 a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction by providing an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy, without being consumed or permanently changed in the process.

substrate

a fundamental substance or surface that serves as a base, a point of attachment, or a reactant in a chemical or biological process.

product 

an end result of a chemical reaction

active site 

a specific region on an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction, ultimately converting them into products.

cofactors

a non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an enzyme's activity.

competitive inhibition 

a type of reversible enzyme inhibition where a molecule similar to the substrate binds to the enzyme's active site, directly competing with the substrate for binding

noncompetitive inhibition

a type of enzyme inhibition where an inhibitor binds to an enzyme at an allosteric site (a site other than the active site), causing a conformational change that reduces the enzyme's ability to function, regardless of substrate concentration

allosteric site 

a location on a protein 

feedback inhibition

a biological process where the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits the activity of an enzyme early in that same pathway.