Glycolysis

How is glucose carried into the cells

Facilitated diffusion- GLUT transport proteins in cell membranes

Na+-dependent co-transport- SGLT

Once glucose is in the cell, how do you prevent it from leaving again?

onece inside, the glucose is trapped by phosphorylation, converting to glucose-6-phosphate

How is the phosphorylation catalyzed?

Hexokinase- most cell types

Glucokinase- liver parenchymal cells & pancreatic islet cells

What is the end product of glycolysis?

Pyruvate

What is the role of Phophofructokinase 1

It is the rate-limiting enzyme

What inhibits PFK 1

ATP

How is PFK 1 activated

PFK 1 is activated by Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate produced by PFK 2 from fructose-6-phosphate

What controls PFK 2 activity

Insulin and Glucagon

Outline what controls what

Insulin and Glucagon——> PFK2——> Fructose-6-phosphate—> Fructose-2,6-phosphate—→ PFK 1

What are the two ways of ATP production

Directly- Substrate level phosphorylation

Indirectly- Oxidative phosphorylation

What are the metabolic fates of pyruvate

Conversion to Acetyl COA which can enter the TCA cycle or serve as a precursor for FAtty- acid synthesis

Conversion to Oxaloacetate which can enter the TCA cycle or serve as a precursor for Gluconeogenesis

Reduction to Ethanol

What’s the function of Pyruvate dehydrogenase

is an multi- enzyme complex that converts pyruvate to Acetyl COA