The Revolution and Counter Reformation

Michelangelo

(1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.

Printing Press

device that easily copied written works and now allowed for the spread of these papers.

Johan Gutenberg

The creator of the printing press

Martin Luther

A monk who fought against the Roman Catholic Church through the 96 theses and other papers spread to the public.

95 theses

Formal accusations against the RCC and Johann Tezel. This would be publicly posted on a church door in WIttenberg, Germany then spread around the region

Protestant Reformation

Religious movement against the RCC that birthed Lutheranism (Christianity)

Indulgence

A paper, often sold by Johann Tetzel for the RCC, that showed forgiveness for a sin. This paid to rebuild St Peters Basilica.

Pope Leo X

The Pope during the time of Luther. He authorized Johann Tetzel and threatened Luther with excommunication if he didn't take back what he said.

Charles V

The Holy Roman Emperor that issued the Edict of Worms.

Prince Frederick of Saxony

The governing authority of Wittenburg (luther). Secured Luther a fair and safe trial. Hid luther in his castle for an entire year.

Edict of Worms

Rule issues by King Charles V that declared Luther and outlaw and heretic and forbade giving Luther Food or shelter.

Counter Reformation

Also known as Catholic Reformation, is when the RCC took charge in reforming itself to combat Protestant Reformation.

Peace of Augsburg

1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler

Council of Trent

Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend. Just reassuring people that the RCC was the only power.

Jesuits

founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.

John Calvin

religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society.

Predestination

Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life.

City of Saints

A theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland set up by John Calvin. Everyone studied religion.