Exam 2 Module 7- Obesity and Energy Balance review

what is the relationship between energy balance and body weight

Weight Maintenance: Kcal Consumption= Kcal Expended
Weight Loss: Kcal Consumed < Kcal Expended
Weight Gain: Kcal Consumed > Kcal Expended

what are the components of total energy expenditure

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
Resting energy expenditure (REE)
Thermic effect of feeding (TEF)

Evaluate BMI to determine if an individual is underweight, normal weight, overweight or obese

BMI= (weight in pounds x 703) / (height in inches)
underweight- BMI<18.5
normal- BMI - 18.5 - 24.99
overweight - 25 29.99
obese - BMI> 30

What are the limitations of BMI?

- Does not distinguish between fat or muscle (athletes)
- Ethnicities
- Sex
- Elderly

identify factors that influence energy burned during physical activity

Sedentary
Lightly Active (Light exercise/ sports 1-3 days/ week)
Moderately Active (Moderate exercise/ sports 3-5 days/ week)
Very Active (Hard exercise/ sports 6-7 days/ week)
Extra Active (Very hard exercise/ sport and physical job or 2x daily training)

what are the components of body composition

Total lean body mass:
- lean tissue mass + fat mass + water

what is the relationship between location of excess body fat and risk of chronic conditions and mortality?

gynoid pattern, android patter, central obesity, visceral fat, and subcutaneous fat

what is gynoid pattern

fat over muscle and under skins at hips and thighs
subcutaneous fat

what is android pattern

body fat can be stored under the abdominal muscle around the internal organs
visceral fat
associated with increased risk for chronic conditions due to excess fat

what is central obesity

carrying excess fat around the waist "apple-shaped body"
increase risk of heart disease, diabetes, and hypertension
caused by storing too much visceral fat

what is visceral fat

fat that surrounds organs in your chest and stomach and above your hips

what is subcutaneous fat

fat that is located beneath your skin

what are the causes of obesity in our society

-Energetics (positive energy balance from eating more than you burn, unbalanced energy connects to weight gain)
-Environment (individual ideas of acceptable weight can be influenced through social norms, healthy food can be hard to access)
-Genetics
-Hormone imbalances (leptin is the hormone that controls the brain's "I'm full" function)

what is hunger

physiological (internal) drive to eat
E.g. low blood glucose
controlled by internal body

what is appetite

psychological (external) drive to eat
ofter in absence of hunger
food looks great to eat

Identify hormones and neurotransmitters that influence hunger/appetite and weight status

Neuropeptide Y (Neurotransmitter)
Ghrelin (hormone): increases hunger
Leptin (hormone): decrease food intake/ increase energy metabolism

what are INTERNAL factors that regulate hunger and appetite

- digestive organ dysfunction
- central nervous system dysfunction
- temperature
- drug effects
- metabolic influence

what are EXTERNAL factors that regulate hunger and appetite

- social situation
- time of day
- sensory properties of food
- cultural background
- environment

Why are fad diets unsuccessful in the long term?**

Unrealistic and difficult to follow long term
Many categorize foods as "good" or "bad" and encourage dieters to eliminate certain foods

Identify recommendations for successful long- term weight loss and maintenance in adults.

establish diet and physical activity plans that can be followed for a lifetime

Recognize 3 different weight loss surgeries and how each may result in weight loss

Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) : 60-80% weight loss
Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy (VSG) : rapid weight loss comparative to RYGB
Bioliopancreatic Diversion with duadenal switch (BPD/DS) : greatest weight loss (60-70% excess weight at 5 year follow up)

what are the general recommendations for treating childhood obesity

weight maintenance is adivsed
gain height and grow into their weight