CFS 38 Exam 3

chapters 10,11,12,13

Despite the concerns of middle childhood, child rearing becomes easier for those parents who established a(n) ___________ style in the early years.

• authoritarian

• authoritative

• permissive

• uninvolved

authoritative

Which of the following is supported by research on sibling rivalry?

• Sibling rivalry tends to be more frequent among siblings who are close in age.

• Sibling rivalry is greater between brothers and sisters than among same-sex siblings.

• During the middle childhood years, sibling rivalry tends to decrease.

• Sibling rivalry often increases when siblings strive to be different from one another.

Sibling rivalry tends to be more frequent among siblings who are close in age.

Research shows that school-age children

• rate "masculine" occupations as having higher status than "feminine" occupations.

• rate "feminine" occupations as having higher status than "masculine" occupations.

• often feel gender-atypical but are afraid to talk about it.

• will usually reject and ridicule a tomboyish girl.

rate "masculine" occupations as having higher status than "feminine" occupations.

Teachers who are ________ and emphasize __________ tend to have mastery-oriented students.

• strict; getting good grades

• indulgent; having fun

• helpful; learning over getting good grades

• caring; getting good grades

helpful; learning over getting good grades

During childhood and adolescence, perceived __________ correlates more strongly with overall self-worth than any other self-esteem factor.

• athletic competence

• academic competence

• physical appearance

• social competence

physical appearance

__________ children are at the highest risk for poor school performance, antisocial behavior, substance abuse, and delinquency.

• Neglected

• Controversial

• Rejected

• Popular

Rejected

Research on aggressive children's friendships reveals that

• when aggressive children make friends, the relationship is fairly stable over middle childhood.

• the social problems of aggressive children tend to improve as they interact with friends.

• aggressive boys' friendships are high in exchange of private feelings but full of conflict.

• the social problems of aggressive children operate within their closest peer ties.

the social problems of aggressive children operate within their closest peer ties.

Children who ____________ are especially vulnerable to sexual abuse.

• live in a large extended family household

• are aggressive and hostile

• belong to churches and community organizations

• live in homes with a constantly changing cast of characters

live in homes with a constantly changing cast of characters

José is a rejected-withdrawn child who has developed a learned-helpless approach to peer difficulties. This means that José

• will eventually become a bully toward younger peers.

• watches helplessly as classmates pass him by, even though he has the social skills to interact with them.

• will be motivated to change his behavior so peers will accept him.

• assumes that he will never be liked, no matter what he does.

assumes that he will never be liked, no matter what he does.

Jacob, a sixth grader, entered the middle school academic bowl. According to Erikson, by entering the competition, Jacob shows

• autonomy.

• industriousness.

• inferiority.

• basic trust.

industriousness

___________ is a tragic eating disturbance in which young people starve themselves because of a compulsive fear of getting fat.

• Bulimia nervosa

• Addictive starvation

• Food insecurity

• Anorexia nervosa

Anorexia nervosa

____________ is a modern substitute for the actual physical departure of young people from the family group that takes place in nonindustrialized cultures.

• The transition to adulthood

• Emotional upheaval

• Psychological distancing

• Adolescent moodiness

Psychological distancing

Seventeen-year-old Emily is more likely to experience positive emotions when she

• is involved in adult-structured activities.

• engages in self-chosen leisure activities.

• completes a difficult job successfully.

• spends a weekend evening at home.

engages in self-chosen leisure activities.

Adolescents who reach the formal operational stage of cognitive development

• can only operate on reality.

• cannot "operate on operations."

• no longer require concrete things and events as objects of thought.

• cannot yet come up with general logical rules through internal reflection.

no longer require concrete things and events as objects of thought.

Which of the following is true about adolescent moodiness?

• Adolescents rate their moods more positively in adult-structured settings.

• Adolescent mood swings are strongly related to situational changes.

• Teenagers' emotional highs coincide with weekend evenings spent at home.

• Teenagers' emotional lows coincide with self-chosen leisure activities.

Adolescent mood swings are strongly related to situational changes.

Which of the following parent-child relationships is common among anorexic teenagers?

• overprotective and controlling mothers and emotionally distant fathers

• permissive mothers and highly competitive fathers

• permissive mothers and uninvolved fathers

• divorced parents where the mother is overwhelmed and the father is largely absent

overprotective and controlling mothers and emotionally distant fathers

Maddy, age 7, is presented with the following statement: If rats are bigger than cats and cats are bigger than mice, then rats are bigger than mice. She will probably judge such reasoning to be

• true because she understands propositional thought.

• true if she has seen cats, rats, and mice in picture books.

• false because not all relations specified occur in real life.

• sometimes true and sometimes false depending on her educational background.

false because not all relations specified occur in real life.

Many homosexual adolescents and adults move through a three-phase sequence in coming out to themselves and others. Those three phases are

• questioning, information seeking, and satisfaction.

• feeling different, confusion, and self-acceptance.

• worry, self-acceptance, and happiness.

• confusion, embarrassment, and resignation.

feeling different, confusion, and self-acceptance.

Adolescents whose parents engage in ____________ decision making achieve better academically.

• joint parent-adolescent

• permissive

• authoritarian

• idealistic

joint parent-adolescent

Certain that others are observing and thinking about them, teenagers develop an inflated sense of their own importance known as

• the imaginary audience.

• the personal fable.

• metacognition.

• hypothetico-deductive reasoning.

the personal fable.

Self-disclosure to __________ declines in early adolescence.

• best friends

• romantic partners

• parents

• peers

Parents

At Kohlberg's Stage 2 of moral development, the instrumental purpose orientation, children

• typically mention such principles as respect for the worth and dignity of each person.

• take societal laws into account when making moral choices.

• want to maintain the affection and approval of friends and relatives by being a "good person."

• view right action as flowing from self-interest and understand reciprocity as equal exchange of favors.

view right action as flowing from self-interest and understand reciprocity as equal exchange of favors.

Adolescents in moratorium resemble identity-achieved individuals in using a(n) ________________ cognitive style when making personal decisions and solving problems.

• reactive and defensive

• active, information-gathering

• dogmatic, inflexible

• diffuse-avoidant

active, information-gathering

Formal religious involvement

• does not seem to prevent early sexual activity and teen pregnancy.

• tends to interfere with advanced moral development.

• promotes responsible academic and social behavior.

• increases as adolescents search for a personally meaningful identity.

promotes responsible academic and social behavior.

Both ________ and ____________ are psychologically healthy routes to mature self-definition.

• long-term foreclosure; diffusion

• identity achievement; diffusion

• moratorium; identity achievement

• moratorium; foreclosure

moratorium; identity achievement

Among older adolescents, __________ appear as key themes in self-concept.

• athletic and academic ability

• academic ability and physical attractiveness

• personal and moral values

• social awareness and physical strength

personal and moral values

Sayuri is constructing her identity. Based on Erikson's theory, this process involves

• helping her friends define what direction they will pursue in life.

• adopting her parents' values as her own.

• defining what she values.

• acting on impulse rather than reason.

defining what she values.

As a child, David was negative, willful, and physically aggressive. By age 8, he was already engaging in petty theft. Jamie was a happy child who did well in school but began displaying antisocial behavior around age 13 and gradually moved to more severe delinquent acts. Which of the following is true about David and Jamie?

• David is at higher risk for leading a life full of aggression and criminality.

• David and Jamie are at equal risk for a life full of aggression and criminality.

• David will likely outgrow his delinquent behavior by middle adolescence.

• Jamie is at higher risk for leading a life full of aggression and criminality.

David is at higher risk for leading a life full of aggression and criminality.

At Kohlberg's conventional level,

• behaviors that result in punishment are viewed as bad, while those that lead to rewards are good.

• individuals define morality in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies.

• individuals believe that actively maintaining the current social system ensures positive relationships and societal order.

• individuals move beyond unquestioning support for their own society's rules and laws.

individuals believe that actively maintaining the current social system ensures positive relationships and societal order.

Postconventional morality is

• a highly reflective endeavor limited to a handful of people who have attained advanced education, usually in philosophy.

• commonly reached by individuals who have devoted their lives to civic engagement or formal religion.

• more often achieved in real-life conflicts than in hypothetical dilemmas.

• more often seen in women, who tend to be involved in daily activities involving care and concern for others.

a highly reflective endeavor limited to a handful of people who have attained advanced education, usually in philosophy.

A strong cardiovascular response, interference with immune system functioning, and reduced digestive activity are all symptoms of

• hypertension.

• alcoholism.

• psychological stress.

• genetically programmed aging.

psychological stress.

One probable cause of age-related DNA and cellular abnormalities is

• the programmed action of telomeres.

• accidental injuries, such as pulled muscles.

• wear-and-tear caused by excessive use.

• the release of free radicals.

the release of free radicals.

Karen considered two theories she studied in her college philosophy course. She determined that neither theory was entirely accurate, and she tried to formulate a more satisfying perspective that synthesized contradictions. Karen was engaged in

• commitment within relativistic thinking.

• pragmatic thought.

• dualistic thinking.

• relativistic thinking.

commitment within relativistic thinking.

Once attained, __________ has a profound impact on information processing.

• relativism

• dualism

• expertise

• pragmatism

expertise

Francine is preparing to become an oncologist. Which of the following is most likely to have influenced her vocational choice?

• being a volunteer in a tutoring program for low-achieving students

• having a close relationship with her high school science teacher

• visiting the local hospital as part of a class field trip

• watching a telethon that raised money for cancer research

having a close relationship with her high school science teacher

Which of the following individuals has a higher risk of hypertension and heart disease?

• Erica, a Caucasian-American female

• Sharese, an African-American female

• Ming, an Asian-American male

• Randolph, a Caucasian-American male

Sharese, an African-American female

Which of the following is true about men who enter traditionally female-dominated careers, compared to their traditional-career counterparts?

• They are more focused on the social status of their work.

• They are less interested in working with people.

• They are more interested in working with people.

• They have more conservative social attitudes.

They are more interested in working with people.

In the United States, drug taking peaks around ages

• 14 to 16.

• 17 to 18.

• 19 to 22.

• 23 to 25.

19 to 22.

Which of the following is true about cigarette smoking?

• More women than men smoke.

• Smoking among college students has declined sharply in the past decade.

• The gender gap among smokers is much larger today than in the past.

• Most smokers picked up their habit before age 21.

Most smokers picked up their habit before age 21.