Medical Terminology Chapter 8 Cardiovascular System

aneurysm/o

aneurysmorrhaphy: suture of an aneurysm

aneurysm (widened blood vessel)

angi/o

angioplasty: surgical repair of a blood vessel; reopens narrowed blood vessels and restores blood flow using a balloon-tipped catheter

vessel (usually blood or lymph)

vascul/o

vessel (usually blood or lymph)

aort/o

aortostenosis: narrowing of the aorta

aorta

arteri/o

artery

arteriol/o

arteriole

atri/o

atrium

ather/o

atheromas: tumor of fatty plaque; formed when fatty plaque builds up on the inner lining of arterial walls

fatty plaque

cardi/o

heart

coron/o

coronary: pertaining to the heart; coronary artery disease is most common heart disease and leading cause of death in US

heart

electr/o

electrocardiogram: helps detect many heart problems; recording of the hearts electricity

electricity

embol/o

embolectomy: excision, removal of a plug; performed in emergency situations to open blood vessels and reestablish the blood flow

embolus (plug)

hemangi/o

hemangioma: benign tumor cells that line blood vessels and usually disappear over time

blood vessel

my/o

muscle

phleb/o

vein

ven/o

venostasis: abnormally slow blood flow in the veins and is a major risk factor for clot formation

vein

scler/o

arteriosclerosis: abnormal condition of the hardening of an artery; most common cause is atheroma in vessel

hardening; sclera (white of eye)

sept/o

septostomy: temporary procedure performed to increase systemic oxygenation in infants w congenital heart defects until corrective surgery can be performed

septum

sphygm/o

pulse

sten/o

narrowing, stricture

thromb/o

thrombolysis: enzymes that destroy blood clots are infused into the occluded vessel

blood clot

valv/o

valvostomy: use of balloon catheter passed through a blood vessel in the groin to gain access to a stenosed valve

valve

valvul/o

valve

ventricul/o

ventricle (of the heart or brain)

-cardia

heart condition

-stenosis

narrowing, stricture

Brady-

slow

endo-

endovascular procedures are those that occur within the lumen of a vessel

in, within

extra-

outside

peri-

pericardial: refers to membrane that surrounds the heart

around

trans-

across

aneurysm

localized abnormality dilation of a vessel, usually an artery

angina

chest pain caused by obstructions or spasm of the coronary arteries that decrease blood flow to the myocardium; also called angina pectoris

arrhythmia

irregularly in the rate or rhythm of the heart; also called dysrhythmia

bradycardia

abnormally slow heart rate, usually fewer than 60 beats per minute in a resting adult

fibrillation

abnormally rapid, uncoordinated quivering of the myocardium the can affect the atria or the ventricles

heart block

interference with the normal transmission of electrical impulses from the SA node to Purkinje fibers

tachycardia

abnormally fast but regular rhythm, with the heart possible beating up to 200 beats/minute

bruit

soft, blowing sound heard on auscultation and associated valvular action, the movement of blood as it passes an obstruction, or both; also called murmur

cardiomyopathy

disease of weakening of heart muscle that diminishes cardiac function

coarctation

narrowing of a vessel, especially the aorta

embolism

intravascular mass that dislodges from one part of the body and causes a blockage in another area, commonly leading to life-threatening situations; pulmonary embolism blocks blood flow to the lungs

heart failure (HF)

disorder the occurs when the heart is unable to effectively pump the quantity of blood required by the body

hyperlipidemia

excessive amounts of lipids (cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides) in the blood; associated w a risk of atherosclerosis

hypertension (HTN)

elevated blood pressure persistently higher than 140/90 mm Hg

hypotension

low blood pressure persistently lower than 90/60 mm Hg

mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

structural defect in which the mitral (bicuspid) valve leaflets prolapse into the left atrium during ventricular contraction (systole), resulting in incomplete closure and back flow of blood; creates murmor

palpitation

sensation of irregular heartbeat, commonly described as pounding, racing, skipping a beat, or flutter

peripheral artery disease (PAD)

common circulatory disorder characterized by a reduced flow of blood to the extremities, especially the legs, resulting in muscle cramping and pain, and commonly the result of atherosclerosis

phlebitis

phleb: vein

inflammation of a deep or superficial vein of the arms of legs (more commonly the legs)

rheumatic heart disease (RHD)

serious pathological condition resulting from rheumatic fever, commonly causing permanent scarring of the heart valves, especially the mitral valve

syncope

partial or complete loss of consciousness usually caused by a decreased supply of blood to the brain; also called fainting

thrombosis

abnormal condition in which a blood clot develops in a vessel and obstructs it at the site of its formation

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

blood clot that forms in the deep veins of the body, especially those in the legs or thighs; also called deep venous thrombosis; clots may break away from vein wall and travel in the body

electrocardiography (ECG, EKG)

procedure that graphically records the spread of electrical excitation to different parts of the heart using small metal electrodes applied to the chest, arms, and legs; helps diagnose abnormal heart rhythms and myocardial damage

Holter monitor test

procedure that uses a small, portable system to record and store the electrical activity of the heart over a 24- to 48-hour period; also called event monitor test; helpful in diagnosing a cardiac arrhythmia

stress test

ECG taken under controlled exercise stress conditions (bicycle or treadmill)

cardiac biomarkers

blood test that measures the presence and amount of several substances released by the heart when it is damaged or under stress; also called cardiac enzyme test

lipid panel

series of blood tests (total cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, and triglycerides) used to asses risk factors of ischemic heart disease

angiography

procedure that records a radiographic image of the inside of a blood vessel after injection of a contrast medium

aortography

angiography of the aorta and its branches after injection of a contrast medium

coronary angiography

specialized type of angiography that helps diagnose stenosis or obstruction of the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle

Doppler US

Ultrasonography used to asses the direction and speed of blood flow through blood vessels by reflecting sounds waves off red blood cells; also called ultrasonography using sound pitch

carotid artery US

ultrasound procedure that determines blood flow problems caused by blood clots, plaque, or tears on the walls of the carotid arteries

echocardiography (ECHO)

ultrasound test that produces moving images of blood passing through the heart, valves, and chambers, and asses cardiac output; place transducer on chest to direct ultrahigh frequency sound waves towards cardiac structures

myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI)

noninvasive imaging test using a radioactive tracer in conjunction with a stress test to show how well blood flows through (perfuses) the heart muscle at rest and during exercise; also called nuclear stress test

single-photon emission computer tomography (SPECT)

myocardial perfusion test that involves injection of a radioactive tracer into the blood while a gamma camera moves in a circle around the patient to crest individual images as "slices" of the heart (tomography)

cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

specialized MRI procedure that provides images of the heart chambers, valves, major vessels, and pericardium

magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)

type of MRI that provides high detailed images of blood vessels; unlike angiography, MRA detects blood flow, the condition of blood vessel walls, and blockages without a contrast medium

multiple-gated acquisition (MUGA) scan

nuclear procedure that uses radioactive tracers to detect how effectively the heart walls move as they contract and then calculates the ejection fraction rate (amount of blood the ventricle can pump out in one contraction)

cardiac catheterization (CC)

passage of a catheter into the heart through a vein or artery to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the heart

electrophysiology study (EPS)

special catheterization test that involves insertion of electrode catheters into the heart to study and map the conduction system and safely reproduce the abnormal heart rhythm affecting the patient's heart; information determined from EPS helps determine best medication, treatment, or device to control abnormal rhythm

angioplasty

endovascular procedure that reopens narrowed blood vessels to restore forward blood flow; performed are arteries occluded by atherosclerosis

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

angioplasty of the coronary arteries that involve insertion of a balloon catheter through the right femoral artery to the site of the stenosis to enlarge the lumen of the artery and restore blood flow; often performed in conjunction with a stint placement

cardiac ablation

procedure in which a catheter is inserted through a vein in the groin and threaded to the heart to correct structural problems in the heart that cause arrhythmia; employs radiofrequency (heat) laser or cryoenergy to cause scarring of abnormal areas

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

Placement of a vessel graft from another part of the body to bypass the blocked area of a coronary artery and restore blood supply to the heart muscle

implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)

small, battery-powered device inserted within the chest of a patient who is at high risk for developing an arrhythmia, such as ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, or cardiac arrest; also called automatic implantable cardioverter-defrillator

open heart surgery

surgical procedure in which the sternum is cut in half vertically to open the chest and expose the heart, its valves or the arteries

pacemaker insertion

implantation of a battery-powered device inside the chest to control the heart rate and rhythm; coordinates heartbeat with an electrical pulse

defibrillation

lifesaving emergency treatment to restart the heart in cardiorespiratory arrest by delivering high-voltage electoral current through the heart; an AED anaylzes heart rhythm and delivers an electrical shock to stimulate a heart in cardiac arrest

cardioversion

defibrillation technique using low-energy shocks to reset the heart's rhythm back to its normal pattern; helps treat arrhythmias that antiarrhythmic drugs can't treat

angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

lower blood pressure by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I (an inactive enzyme) to angiotensin II (a potent vasoconstrictor)

ex. Benazepril (Lotensin), lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril)

angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)

lower blood pressure by blocking the angiotensin II enzyme from causing vasoconstriction

ex. losartan (Cozaar), valsartan (Diovan)

antiarrhythmics

prevent, alleviate, or correct cardiac arrhythmias (dysrhythmias) by stabilizing the electrical conduction of the heart

ex. amiodarone (Cordarone), digoxin (Lanoxin)

anticoagulants

inhibit the body's natural coagulation response to prevent the formation of clots in blood vessels

ex. warfarin (Coumadin), dabigatran (Pradaxa)

beta blockers

block the effect of adrenaline, which slows nerve pulses through the heart, causing a decrease in heart rate

ex. atenolol (Tenormin), metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol-XL)

calcium channel blockers

block movement of calcium (required for blood vessel contraction) into myocardial cells and arterial walls, causing heart rate and blood pressure to decrease

ex. amlodipine (Norvasc), diltiazem (Cardizem CD), nifedipine (Adalat CC, Procardia)

diuretics

act on kidneys to increase excretion of water and sodium; help reduce fluid build up in the body

ex. furosemide (Lasix), hydrochlorothiazide (Hydrodiuril)

nitrates

dilate blood vessels of the heart, causing an increase in the amount of oxygen delivered to the myocardium, and widen blood vessels of the body, allowing more blood flow to the heart

ex. nitroglycerin (Nitrostat, Nitrogard, Nitrolingual), isosorbide mononitrate (Imdur)

statins

lower cholesterol in the blood and reduce its production in the liver by blocking the enzyme that produces it

ex. atrovastatin (Lipitor), simvastatin (Zocor), simvastatine and ezetimibe (Vytorin)