PSK4U Unit 2 Test Flashcards

Periosteum

Membrane covering the entire length of bone (has blood vessels and nerves)

Medullary Cavity

Central bone cavity containing marrow (red marrow - blood cell production & yellow marrow - storing fat cells)

Compact Bone

Hard, dense outer bone layer for strength (can be strengthened with exercise)

Cancellous Bone

Spongy inner part of the bone filled with marrow in its small cavity-like spaces

Diaphysis

Shaft of bone

Epiphysis

Ends of bone

Difference between axial and appendicular skeleton

Axial skeleton (80 bones) - skull, vertebrae, and rib cage

Appendicular skeleton (126 bones) - limbs and girdles (pelvic and pectorial girdles help to articulate the limbs respective to the main axial skeleton)

Why are landmarks important (two reasons)

Landmarks are a specific and easily identifiable point on a bone that serves as a reference point to the location of another body structure.

• Tells us where muscles (tendons) and ligaments are attached

• Tells us where our nerves and arteries are running through

Label all the thoracic cage landmarks (anterior)

All types of fractures

Simple fracture - Crack in bone, no separation

Compound fracture - Separation of bone

Comminuted fracture - Shattering of bone into multiple pieces

How are stress fractures connected to shin splints

Stress fractures - when muscles are too fatigued to absorb shock which transfers to the bone underneath causing tiny cracks in the bone (poor footwear or rapid increase in activity on hard flooring)

Shin splints - inflammation of the muscle and tissue around the lateral or medial side of the tibia which can lead to stress fractures if not treated (overuse of tibia)

Types of muscle tissue

Smooth - walls of internal organs

Cardiac - heart chambers

Skeletal - attached to bones for movement

Types of joint

Fibrous, catilaginous, and synovial joints

Types of synovial joints

Ball-and-socket joint - most mobile out of all the synovial joints with “the ball” of the bone attaching into the “socket” of another

• Shoulder or hip joint

Gliding joint - connects flat or slightly curved bone surfaces as they glide against each other

• Intercarpal or intertarsal joints

Hinge joint - convex portion of a bone fits to a concave portion of another and can only move in one plane

• Phalanx or ulna joints

Pivot joint - rounded portion of a bone fits into the groove of another and rotates in a single axis

• Atlanoxial in neck joint

Saddle joint - allows movement in two planes (front to back & side to side) but has no rotation

• Thumb joint

Condyloid joint - allow movements in two planes (front to back & side to side) but has no rotation

• Wrist joint

What are synovial fluids for

Used to lubricate in synovial joints for smooth movement instead of harsh grinding against the bones

What joints are the most prone to dislocation

The ball-and-socket joints such as the shoulder and hip joints are frequently dislocated due to their unstable nature for wide mobility.

All movements (9)

Flexion ↔ Extension

Abduction ↔ Adduction

Pronation ↔ Supination

Protraction ↔ Retraction

Eversion ↔ Inversion

Reposition ↔ Opposition

Elevation ↔ Depression

Dorsiflexion ↔ Plantarflexion

What are agonist and antagonist movements

agonist - main movement action

antagonist - the counteraction of agonist

The planes and axes

Sagittal → horizontal

Frontal → Antero-posterior

Transverse → longitudinal

The differences between the muscle tissues

Location

Striations

Control

Nuclei

Function

Fibrous joints and example

immovable joints made up of dense fibrous tissue primarily for protection (skull)

Cartilaginous joints and example

slightly movable joints made up of cartilage connections primarily for shock absorption (vertebrael column)

Synovial joints and example

freely movable joints lubricated by synovial fluids for flexibility and movement (shoulder)

What are the connective tissues

Ligaments (bone to bone) and tendons (muscle to bone)

Striations

Series of ridges, furrows, or linear marks on the muscles to help with contraction and power

Functions of mucoskeletal system

Muscles + Skeleton + Connective Tissue

• To support body and stay upright

• To allow movement

• To protect vital organs

• To store minerals (calcium & phosphorus)

Girdle functions

Pectorial and pelvic girdle - for limb articulation respective to the main axial skeleton

Label the regions of a long bone

Label all the thoracic cage landmarks (posterior)

Label the sternum landmarks

Differences between the three types of ribs

True Ribs (7) - directly attached to the sternum and provides protection for lungs

False Ribs (3) - indirectly attached to the costal cartilage which then connects to the sternum and provides elasticity with costal cartilage when breathing

Flotain Ribs (2) - do not attach anteriorly and provides protection for kidney