Intro to Psychology Test 3

Continuous Development

Views development as a cumulative process, gradually improving on existing skills

Discontinuous Development

Views development as occurring in unique stages (specific times or ages)

Psychosexual Theory of Development

Sigmund Freud; proposes that personality develops through five stages, each with a unique erogenous zone, and that unresolved conflicts at any stage can lead to fixations impacting later personality.

Psychosocial Theory of Development

Erik Erikson; proposes that personality develops through eight stages, each marked by a specific psychosocial crisis or challenge, from infancy to late adulthood, emphasizing the influence of social interactions and relationships on development

Oral Stage

Birth to 1 year; The mouth is the primary source of pleasure and gratification, with activities like sucking and biting being central. 

Anal Stage

1-3 years; The focus shifts to the anus and the pleasure associated with bowel movements and bladder control. 

Phallic Stage

3-6 years; The genitals become the primary focus, and children develop an interest in their own bodies and those of others, leading to the Oedipus complex (boys) and Electra complex (girls). 

Latency Stage

6 years to puberty; Sexual interests are suppressed, and children focus on developing social skills and interests

Genital Stage

Puberty to death; Sexual interests are reawakened, and individuals develop mature sexual relationships

Infancy

Trust vs Mistrust

Early Childhood

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

Preschool

Initiative vs Guilt

School Age

Industry vs Inferiority

Adolescence

Identity vs Role Confusion

Young Adulthood

Intimacy vs Isolation

Middle Adulthood

Generativity vs Stagnation

Late Adulthood

Integrity vs Despair

Cognitive Theory of Development

Piaget; suggests that children's thinking and reasoning abilities evolve through distinct stages, with each stage characterized by unique ways of understanding and interacting with the world

Sensorimotor Stage

Infants learn through sensory experiences and motor actions, developing object permanence (understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight)

Preoperational Stage

Children begin to use symbolic thinking and language, but struggle with abstract concepts and logic

Concrete Operational Stage

Children develop logical thinking skills, such as understanding conservation (that the amount of something doesn't change even if its appearance changes)

Formal Operational Stage

Adolescents and adults develop abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking abilities

Harlow’s Monkey Experiment

infant rhesus monkeys preferred a soft, comforting cloth surrogate mother over a wire surrogate mother that provided food, highlighting the importance of contact comfort in attachment development

John Bowlby's Attachment Theory

early childhood experiences with caregivers shape an individual's emotional and social development, influencing relationships throughout life. It suggests that humans are born with an innate need to form bonds with caregivers, and these early attachments serve as a foundation for future relationships

Ainsworth’s Attachment Theory

Why do children bond in different ways?

Secure Base

Parental presence that gives the child a sense of safety as he explores his surroundings

Strange Situation

Mother and infant are place din room together with toys

Stranger enters the room and mother leaves

Mother returns to comfort the child

Through the reaction of the child, 3 primary attachment styles were identified

Secure Attachment

Child uses the parent as a secure base from which to explore

Avoidant Attachment

Unresponsive to parent, does not use the parent as a secure base, and does not care if the parent leaves

Resistant Attachment

Clingy behavior, rejects parent when they interact with them

Disorganized Attachment Style

Shows odd behavior around caregiver

Intrinsic Motivation

Arises from internal factors. Brings a sense of personal satisfaction

Extrinsic Motivation

Arises from external factors. Performed in order to receive something from others.

Instinct Theory of Motivation

Behavior is driven by instincts aiding in survival

Drive Theory of Motivation

The maintenance of homeostasis is important in directing behavior

Arousal Theory of Motivation

individuals are driven to maintain an optimal level of physiological arousal, seeking activities to either increase or decrease their arousal levels to achieve this balance

Incentive Theory of Motivation

motivation stems from external rewards and punishments, suggesting people are driven to perform actions by the prospect of positive outcomes or the avoidance of negative ones

Cognitive Consistency Theory of Motivation

Propose that humans are chiefly motivated by a desire to maintain congruence (consistency) between their thoughts and behaviors

Humanistic Theory of Motivation

personal growth, self-actualization, and realizing one's potential, viewing individuals as inherently motivated to achieve their highest capabilities

Self-Efficacy

An individual’s belief in their own capability to complete a task

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Theory of motivation that spans the spectrum of motives including biological, individual, and social; one must satisfy lower-level needs before addressing higher level needs

Gender Schema

Cognitive structure that guides and organizes ways people make sense of what it means to be a man or woman

Kinsey’s Research

Women are as interested and experienced in sex as men.

Both males and females masturbate, without negative health consequences. Homosexual acts are fairly common

Gender Socialization

individuals learn and internalize the societal expectations, behaviors, and roles associated with their assigned gender, starting from infancy and continuing throughout life, through various agents like family, peers, media, and education

Sexual Orientation

an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes, as well as a person's sense of identity based on those attractions, behaviors, and community affiliations

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Emotions arise from physiological arousal

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

Physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously, yet independently

Schachter-Singer Two Factor Theory of Emotion

Emotions are composed of two factors: physiological and cognitive, physiological arousal is interpreted in context leading to the emotional experience

Lazarus’ Cognitive-Mediational Theory of Emotion

Emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus

Nonverbal Communication

Behavior that communicates a person’s thoughts, intentions, and feelings without words

Psychodynamic Perspective

Sigmund Freud; Proposed that unconscious drives influenced by sex, aggression and childhood sexuality influence personality. Balance of Id, Superego, and Ego

Id

Primitive urges, instinctual, impulsive, pleasure principle; seeks immediate gratification

Superego

Develops through interactions with others, learning for social rules for right and wrong, moral compass, strives for perfection, judges behavior, leading to pride and guilt

Ego

Self, part of personality seen by others. Attempts to balance the id with eh superego, rational, operates on reality principle; helps id satisfy desires in a realistic way

Repression

When a threatening idea or anxiety is blocked from the conscious

Projection

Attributing one’s own threatening thoughts or anxieties to somebody else.

Displacement

When people direct their feelings (typically negative) to people, animals, or things that are not the cause of their feelings.

Regression

When a person reverts to a previous stage of psychological development

Denial

When a person refuses to admit something bad is happening

Alfred Adler

Believe happiness can be found in working together for the betterment of all; occupational tasks, societal tasks, love tasks

Analytical Psychology

Carl Jung; Focused on working to balance the unconscious and conscious thought

The 5 Factor Model

organizes personality traits into five broad dimensions: Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism

Social Psychoanalytic Theory

Karen Horney; personality development is shaped by social and cultural factors, particularly childhood experiences, rather than solely by innate drives

Humanistic Theory of Personality

a person's inherent goodness, free will, and capacity for growth, focusing on self-actualization and the development of a positive self-concept