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Personality
An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.
Free Association
A method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind.
Psychoanalysis
Freud's theory of personality and therapeutic technique that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts.
Unconscious
A reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories.
Id, Ego, Superego
Freud's three parts of personality: Id (pleasure-driven), Ego (reality-oriented), Superego (moral compass).
Defense Mechanisms
In psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.
Repression
A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts from consciousness.
Regression
A defense mechanism where an individual retreats to a more infantile stage.
Reaction Formation
A defense mechanism where one acts opposite to their true feelings.
Projection
A defense mechanism where people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others.
Rationalization
A defense mechanism where people offer self-justifying explanations in place of the real reasons for their actions.
Displacement
A defense mechanism that shifts aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable target.
Sublimation
A defense mechanism where unacceptable impulses are transformed into socially valued motivations.
Denial
A defense mechanism where people refuse to believe or perceive painful realities.
Collective Unconscious
Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history.
Projective Test
A personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli to trigger projection of inner thoughts.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
A projective test in which people express their inner feelings through stories they make up.
Rorschach Inkblot Test
A projective test using inkblots to identify people's inner feelings.
Terror-management Theory
A theory that explores people's responses to the awareness of their mortality.
Self-actualizing Tendency
The human drive toward fulfilling one's potential (Maslow's hierarchy).
Unconditional Positive Regard
A caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude that Carl Rogers believed was necessary for self-growth.
Self-concept
All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, answering 'Who am I?'.
Trait
A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
The most widely researched and clinically used personality test.
Big 5 Personality Traits (Hexaco)
Five core personality traits: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.
Factor Analysis
A statistical procedure used to identify clusters of related items in a test.
Social-cognitive Perspective
A view that behavior is influenced by the interaction of people's traits and their social context.
Reciprocal Determinism
The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.
Personal Control
The extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless.
External Locus of Control
The perception that outside forces determine our fate.
Internal Locus of Control
The perception that we control our own fate.
Self-esteem
One's feelings of high or low self-worth.
Self-serving Bias
A readiness to perceive oneself favorably.
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