psychology test #3 for community college MiraCosta.

Define psychosocial theory

Psychosocial theory - Focuses on the emergence of the self and the ways in which the self develops through our interactions with our social and cultural environment, (and biologically) not sexual experiences.

stage 1 of psychosocial theory

1. Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 year) Stage 1: Infants learn to trust or mistrust their caregivers and the world based on whether or not their needs are met.

   
   

stage 2 of psychosocial theory

1. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1-3 years)Stage 2: Toddlers start to assert their sense of independence (autonomy). If caregivers encourage this self-sufficiency, the toddler will learn to be independent versus feeling shame and doubt.

   
   

stage 3 of psychosocial theory

1. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years)Stage 3: Preschoolers learn to initiate activities and develop self-confidence and a sense of social responsibility. If not, they feel irresponsible, anxious, and guilty.

   
   

stage 4 of psychosocial theory

Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12)Stage 4: Elementary school-ages children who succeed in learning new, productive life skills develop a sense of pride and competence (industry). Those who fail to develop these skills feel inadequate and unproductive (inferior).

stage 5 of psychosocial theory

1. Identity vs. Role Confusion (adolescence)

Stage 5: Adolescents develop a coherent and stable self-definition (identity) by exploring many roles and deciding who or what they want to be in terms of career, attitudes, etc. failure to resolve this identity crisis may lead to apathy, withdrawal and-or role confusion. 

stage 6 of psychosocial theory

1. Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adulthood)

Stage 6: Young adults from lasting, meaningful relationships, which help them develop a sense of connectedness and intimacy with others. If not, they become psychologically isolated.

stage 7 of psychosocial theory

1. Generativity vs. stagnation (middle adulthood)Stage 7: The challenge for middle-ages adults is in nurturing the young, and making contributions to society through their work, family, or community activities. Failing to meet this challenge leads to self-indulgence and a sense of stagnation.\

   
   

stage 8 of psychosocial theory

1. Ego Integrity vs. Despair (late adulthood)Stage 8: During this stage, older adults reflect on their past. If this reflection reveals a life well-spent, the person experiences self-acceptance and satisfaction (ego integrity). If not, he or she experiences regret and deep dissatisfaction (despair).

   
   

• MaryAinsworth-3 distinct categories of attachment evident in children in a stress situation:

Secure attachment: infant stays close to mother, shows moderate distress when separated, and is happy when mother returns-warm and responsive

- Avoidant: infant does not seek contact with mother and does not cry when she leaves-cold and refecting

-Anxious/Ambivalent: infant is upset when mother leaves and angry when she returns-inconsistent

parenting syle #1

• Authoritatarian - Parent places a high value on obedience and respect for authority, rigid, punitive, low warmth, and responsiveness (I don’t care what you want)Tend to produce children with low independence, low self-esteem, easily upset, moody, aggressive, and often learn to fail good communication skills

parenting syle #2

• Permissive: Parent imposes minimal controls and demands on their children, little structure - Can be emotionally connected (I care about you and you are free to do what you like) or show little emotional support (I don’t care about what you do or about you)

• Tend to produce children with poor self-control and poor social skills. Fail to learn to respect others, impulsive, immature, and out of control 

parenting syle #3

• Authoritative: Parent enforce standards and limits while being highly involved, tender, and emotionally supportive (I really care about you but there are rules and you need to be responsible)

• Tend to produce children who become self-reliant, self-controlled, high-achieving, emotionally well-adjusted, more content, goal-oriented, friendly, and socially competent

Cognitive Development Stages #1

• Sensorimotor Period: Birth through Age 2

• Abilities: Uses senses and motor skills to explore and develop cognitively 

• Lacks Object permanence at the beginning of this stage (understanding that things continue to exist when not seen, heard, or felt)

Cognitive Development Stages #2

• Preoperational Period: Age 2 to 7

• Abilities: has significant language and thinks symbolically 

• Limits: Can not perform “operations”, Egocentrism (inability to consider another’s point of view), Animistic thinking (believing that all things are living), and lacks conservation 

Cognitive Development Stages#3

• Concrete Operations: Age 7 to 11

• Abilities: Child performs mental operations and understands conservation (realizing changes in shape or appearance can be reversed)

• Limits: Can not think abstractly and hypothetically 

Cognitive Development Stages#4

• Formal Operations: Age 12 through adulthood

• Abilities: Child can think abstractly and hypothetically 

• Limits: Adolescent Egocentrism - personal fable (an intense investment in their own thoughts and feelings, and a belief that these thoughts are unique)

• Imaginary Audience (belief that they are the center of others thoughts and attention, instead of considering that everyone is equally wrapped up in his or her concerns and plans)

Kubler-Ross- 5 stages to Death and Dying

Kubler-Ross developed a five stage theory of the psychological process surrounding death:

• Denial (“It can't be true!”)

• Anger (“Why me? It's not fair!”)

• Bargaining (“Ill change everything!”)

• Depression (“Ive lost everything.”)

• Acceptance (“I know my time is near.”)

4 stages of grief

Grief and Death

Grief is a natural reaction to loss.

1. Numbness - Feel dazed and feel little emotion.

2. Yearning - Intense longing for the loved one, guilt, anger, and resentment.

3. Disorganization/Despair - Life loses meaning, apathetic and submissive.

4. Resolution - Acceptance and building a new identity.

Prelinguistic stage

prelinguistic stage begins with reflexive cry, then crying becomes more purposeful

cooing

cooing is producing vowel like sounds 

babbling

babbling - adding consonants to vowels

Linguistic stage

Linguistic stage- babbling begins to sounds more like the language in the child's home 

Overextension

Overextension, using words to include objects that do not fit the words

 Overgeneralization

 Overgeneralization, applying to the basic rules of grammar even to cases that are exceptions to the rule.

Telegraphic speech

Telegraphic speech, using 2 or 3 word sentences to convey the meaning of what the child is trying to say.

Syntax

Syntax is the set of rules that governs how words are arranged to form a sentence, ensuring grammatical correctness,

semantics

semantics is the study of the meaning of those words and sentences.

Conscious

Conscious: Thoughts or motives that a person is currently aware of or is remembering

Preconscious

Preconscious: thoughts or motives that one can become aware of easily

Unconscious

Unconscious: thoughts or motives that lie beyond a person's normal awareness but that can be made available through psychoanalysis

Psychoanalytic theory

Psychoanalytic theory by Sigmund Freud Attempts to explain personality on the basis of unconscious mental forces; sexual experiences during infancy leave a mark on our adult personality

3 Substructures  

ID

Operates on the pleasure principle.

Immediate Gratification

Ego

The logical, rational, largely conscious system of personality

Operates according to the reality principle

Superego

Moral (morality principle) component of the personality

Initially reflects only the parens expectations of what is good and right

oral stage 

. Oral stage

Age: Birth to 1 year

Focus: Infants gain gratification through oral stimulation, such as sucking and biting.

Conflict: Weaning from the mother.

Fixation: Can lead to issues like overeating, smoking, or nail-biting in adulthood.

anal stage

Age: 1 to 3 years

Focus: The child finds pleasure in controlling bowel movements, with toilet training being the central conflict.

Conflict: Toilet training.

Fixation: May result in an "anal-retentive" personality (orderly, rigid) or an "anal-explosive" personality (messy, disorganized). 

phallic stage

Age: 3 to 6 years 

Focus: The child becomes aware of their genitals and develops sexual feelings. 

Conflict: Involves the Oedipus complex (for boys) and the Electra complex (for girls), where the child desires the opposite-sex parent.

latency stage

Age: 6 years to puberty 

Focus: Sexual urges are repressed, and children focus their energy on social and intellectual pursuits, such as school, hobbies, and friendships. 

genital stage

Age: Puberty onwards

Focus: Sexual interest shifts to heterosexual relationships and establishing a balance between personal desires and societal expectations.

Conflict: The individual seeks to establish mature, intimate relationships with others. 

Oedipus complex

Oedipus complex is a child's unconscious desire for the opposite-sex parent and hostility towards the same-sex parent, which arises during the phallic stage of psychosexual development (ages 3 to 5). It involves an emotional triangle where the child desires the parent of the opposite sex and sees the parent of the same sex as a rival for that affection. 

Rationalization

Rationalization: Substituting socially acceptable reasons

Intellectualization

Intellectualization: Ignoring the emotional aspects of a painful experience by focusing on abstract thoughts, words, or ideas.

Reaction formation

Reaction formation: Refusing to acknowledge unacceptable urges, thoughts or feelings by exaggerating the opposite state.

Regression

Regression: Responding to a threatening situation in a way appropriate to an earlier age or level of development.

Displacement

Displacement: Substituting a less threatening object for the original object of impulse.

Humanistic theory

Humanistic theory is a psychological perspective that emphasizes individual choice, inherent goodness, and the drive toward self-actualization. It views people as having free will and being motivated to grow to their full potential, rather than being driven by subconscious forces or external conditioning.

 Discuss Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory by Abraham Maslow that describes human motivation as a five-tiered pyramid, starting with basic survival needs and progressing to higher-level psychological ones.

• Physiological needs: The most basic requirements for survival, including air, food, water, shelter, and sleep.

• Safety needs: Once physiological needs are met, individuals seek security and well-being, including personal security, financial security, and protection from harm.

• Love and belonging: After securing safety, people are motivated by the need for interpersonal relationships, including friendships, family, and a sense of connection.

• Esteem: This level involves the need for self-esteem, respect, and recognition from others.

• Self-actualization: The highest level of the pyramid, representing the desire to achieve one's full potential and pursue personal growth. 

rogers self concept

Carl Rogers, self-concept isa dynamic "conceptual pattern of values and concepts related to oneself," consisting of self-image, self-esteem, and the ideal self

Teratogens

substances or agents that can cause birth defects or developmental abnormalities in a fetus during pregnancy

zygote 

A zygote is the very first cell that is formed when a sperm and an egg fuse during fertilization. It is the initial stage of a new organism, containing genetic information from both parents that will guide its development into a baby or another animal

secondary aging

secondary aging refers to age-related changes caused by external factors like disease, lifestyle choices, and environmental influences, rather than internal genetic factors. 

The germinal stage

The germinal stage is the first stage of prenatal development, lasting from conception to about two weeks after, where the single-celled zygote undergoes rapid cell division to form a blastocyst before implanting in the uterine wall

embryonic stage

The embryonic stage is the early period of development in humans, from conception to the eighth week, where the embryo undergoes rapid and fundamental changes, including cell differentiation and the formation of major body systems and organs

fetal stage

The fetal stage is the period of prenatal development from the ninth week after conception until birth, during which the embryo becomes a fetus and major organs, body systems, and facial features continue to grow and mature.

Primary gain

Primary gain is the unconscious, internal psychological benefit that a person receives from a neurotic symptom, such as a decrease in anxiety from an unconscious conflict.

Menarche 

Menarche is the medical term for a person's first menstrual period, typically occurring around age 12

Spermache:

the first ejaculation in males, signifying the onset of sperm production and male fertility during puberty. It typically occurs between the ages of 11 and 15, often around age 13.4, and is a key milestone in male maturation that is accompanied by other physical changes like growth spurts and the development of secondary sexual characteristics. 

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

Intelligence Quotient (IQ) is a score derived from standardized tests that measure cognitive abilities like reasoning and problem-solving compared to the general population

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a collection of physical, mental, and developmental issues caused by a pregnant person drinking alcohol, which can damage the fetus's brain and body

Chromosomes

Chromosomes are thread-like structures inside most cells that carry genetic information in the form of genes

moral development

The stages of moral development, outlined by Lawrence Kohlberg, are divided into three levels: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional, with six distinct stages in total. At the preconventional level, morality is based on consequences like punishment and self-interest (Stages 1 & 2). The conventional level involves a focus on social norms, conformity, and authority (Stages 3 & 4). The postconventional level, reached by fewer adults, is based on social contract and universal ethical principles (Stages 5 & 6)

Cross-sectional research

Cross-sectional research is a type of observational study that analyzes data from a specific population at a single point in time to understand the prevalence of traits, conditions, or associations

Temperament styles

Temperament styles can be categorized as either the four classical temperaments—sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic, and melancholic—or the three childhood temperament types—easy

Longitudinal research

Longitudinal research is a study method that involves repeatedly observing the same subjects over an extended period to identify patterns of change and potential cause-and-effect relationships

Reliability

Reliability in psychology is the consistency of a measure, meaning a test or study should produce similar results each time it is conducted under the same conditions

Validity

Validity in psychology refers to the accuracy of a test or measurement in assessing what it is intended to measure

Primary sex traits

Primary sex traits are the reproductive organs present at birth, such as testes and ovaries, and external genitalia

Secondary sex characteristics

Secondary sex characteristics are physical traits that develop during puberty but are not directly involved in reproduction, distinguishing males from females

Developmental psychology

Developmental psychology is the scientific study of how and why humans grow, change, and adapt throughout their entire lives, from conception to old age

Primary aging

Primary aging is the inevitable, gradual deterioration of the body that occurs naturally with age, regardless of lifestyle or disease

Secondary aging

Secondary aging refers to age-related changes caused by external factors like disease, lifestyle choices, and environmental exposures, rather than internal genetic factors

Sensory systems

Sensory systems detect and process information from the environment and the body, converting stimuli into neural signals that the brain interprets

Imprinting

Personality

Personality is the unique and relatively consistent set of characteristics, behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that define a person

The Big 5 or Five Factor Model

The Big 5 or Five Factor Model is a widely used psychological framework that categorizes personality into five broad traits: 

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism

inferiority complex

An inferiority complex is a persistent feeling of inadequacy and insecurity that stems from a belief of being inferior to others

collective personal unconscious

The personal and collective unconscious are both parts of the unconscious mind, but the personal unconscious contains a person's individual memories, thoughts, and experiences that have been forgotten or repressed, while the collective unconscious is a shared, inherited reservoir of universal symbols, instincts, and archetypes common to all humans across cultures

Archetypes

Archetypes are universal, original patterns of behavior, symbols, or characters that appear across different cultures and time periods. 

Biological theories

Biological theories are explanations that emphasize the role of biology, such as genetics and evolution, in shaping behavior, personality, and social structures

Objective tests

Objective tests

• Description: Involve a standardized set of questions or tasks with limited, predetermined answers. 

• Examples: Multiple-choice, true/false, rating scales, and sentence completion where there is a "correct" answer. 

• Scoring: Scored according to a universal standard, making them more objective and quantifiable. 

• Strengths: Easier to score and interpret consistently across different people; more reliable and valid for certain aspects of personality

Projective tests

Projective tests

• Description: Present ambiguous stimuli to allow individuals to project their hidden thoughts, emotions, and internal conflicts onto the stimuli. 

• Examples: The Rorschach inkblot test, the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), and other methods like sentence completion or block building. 

• Scoring: Responses are analyzed subjectively by a trained professional, rather than by a universal standard. 

• Strengths: Can provide unique and nuanced insight into an individual's psyche, especially those with psychodynamic backgrounds. 

• Challenges: Reliability and validity can be a concern, as interpretations can vary between evaluators