Midterms

Ecology

a branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings

Ecological Relationship

interactions between living organisms and their environment, including interactions among different species and with the non-living components of the ecosystem

Types of Ecological Relationship

• Competition

• Predation

• Symbiosis

  Under symbiosis: Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism

Competition

two or more organisms vie for the same limited resources, such as food, water, or space, leading to a decrease in the fitness of all involved

Predation

an ecological relationship where one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, the prey

Symbiosis

a close and long-term interaction between two different species

Types of Ecological Relationships under Symbiosis:

• Mutualism

• Commensalism

• Parasitism

Mutualism

a type of symbiotic relationship in biology where two or more different species benefit from interacting with each other

Commensalism

a symbiotic relationship between two organisms where one benefits while the other is neither harmed nor helped

Parasitism

a biological relationship where one organism, the parasite, benefits at the expense of another organism, the host, which is harmed

Humanity and Ecology Throughout the Years

• Hunters and Gatherers

• Pastoral/Herding Societies

• Horticultural

• Agricultural

• Industrial

• Post-Industrial

• Contemporary Society

Birth Rate

12.8% with a decline of 0.5% from the preceding year

Factors that affect the Decrease in Birth Rate

• increase in sexually transmitted disease

• lack of affordable housing

• increase access and use of contraception

• changes in societal values and norms

• economic pressure

Death Rate

2024 deaths: 608, 621

2023 deaths: 694, 821

Difference in deaths: 86, 200 (-12.4%)

Causes of Deaths

• ischaemic heart diseases

• neoplasms

• cerebrovascular diseases

Characteristics & Habits of GenZ: Period in time

born during the late 1990s and early 2000s (1997-2012) (sometimes debated as zeitgeists and difficult to delineate)

shaped by the great recession of 2007-09 and the COVID19 pandemic

Grew up in the era of the iphone

Characteristics & Habits of GenZ: Up to date the most diverse generation

They grew up in more diverse settings: single parent, mixed race, and LGBTQ+ parents (16% of GenZ as part of the LGBTQ+ community)

GenZ on Residence

more likely to reside in cities and metropolitan areas

GenZ on Marriage

only 4% being 18-21 are getting married which is half as many in the millenial generation which 7% got married at a young age. Possibly because more of them are going to college

Digital Natives

this generation truly was born and still experiencing living connected digitally.

most not even remembering living before smartphones, almost all living at a time when such was a ubiquitous item

Migration

movement of people from one place to another

Immigration

movement of people into a new country with the intention of settling there permanently

Animal Migration

seasonal movement of animals from one habitat to another, involving a return journey. it is temporary and cyclical

Animal Immigration

animals travel to find a new, permanent place to live

Population

116.8 million, compared to neighbouring countries of Indonesia with 283.5 million, and Vietnam’s 101 million

Age Structure

it has a very young population, with a median age of 26.1 years in contrast to Japan’s median age of 49.8 years and USA’s 38.7 years

Sex Ratio

103 male:100 women

Urbanization

54% of the population living in urban areas from 45.3% in 2010

Religion

Predominantly Catholic which is a legacy of Spanish colonization. In some areas in Mindanao, there is an abundance of Muslims.

Education

High literacy rate with 95% of the population being literate. However, the highest educational attainment of an average Filipino citizen is only at elementary school