3 The quest for political stability 1660-88?- Political 3

The quest for political stability 1660-88? Political 3

When did Richard Cromwell resign?

1659

Who attempted to remove the Rump?

Council of Officers

Who marched forces to London to restore a ‘free parliament’

General George Monck

What was Georges Moncks untilmate aim?

Restore the Stuart Monarchy

Where did Charles previously live?

In France with Louis XIV

Where did Charles II move to?

Protestant Holland

Why did Charles II move?

Advised by George Monck to be better perceived by England

Also advised by Edward Hyde

What happened in 1660 regarding Monck and Parliament?

He organised them to return so that they could legitimately dissolve parliament

What did Charles devise with the help of Monck and Hyde?

Declaration of Breda

What did the Declaration of Breda commit Charles to?

Cooperation and Harmony with the political nation

Amnesty for actions taken in Civil war and Interregnum except those who signed Charles I death warrant

Settlement of outstanding issues with parliament

Promises: Pay arrears of Army pay and religious toleration

Who met in April 1660?

The convention parliament

What happened May 5th 1660?

The assembly voted that the government should consist of Lords Kings and Commons

What happened May 25th 1660?

Charles II landed at Dover

What did Charles state when he landed at Dover showing his belief his rule came from god?

‘it was the 12th year of his reign’

Why was the restoration of the Stuarts effectively unconditional?

Pre-Empted any attempt by parliament to lay down terms for the monarchs return

Due to the declaration of Breda when did the terms of the Kings return have to be worked out?

After the Kings return by parliaments that were open to royal manipulation and subject to public pressure

When was the Convention Parliament dissolved?

December 1660

Why was the convention parliament dissolved?

No details or conditions had been put in place before Charles’ return so no settlement yet

What occurred after the 5th Monarchists failed rebellion?

1661 elections led to a returned to a conservative government

What the was the name of the new government?

Cavalier parliament

What was the aims of the Cavalier parliament?

It seeked revenge not conciliation

Much more Conservative

What did the Convention Parliament use to set clear limit on royal prerogative?

Common Law

How did the Cavalier Parliament weakened parliament?

Militia Act 1661 and Triennial Act 1664

How did the cavalier parliament change the Militia Act undermine parliament?

Said the King was in Supreme Command of the armed forces

How did cavalier parliament undermine themselves with the triennial act?

Did not provide any mechanisms to ensure parliament was called every 3 years

Who did the Convention Parliament restore?

Anglican Church

Where were the details of religion to be decided?

The Savoy Palace in London

Who attended the Savoy conference?

Presbyterian Royalists

Latitudinarians

High Church Party

What did the Presbyterian royalists want?

sought a reformed Church that would allow moderate

Puritans to remain within it.

What did the High Church led by Gilbert Sheldon want?

 restoration of the Laudian system.

What did Venners uprising strengthen?

The High Church Party

What did the Act of Uniformity in 1662 do?

Allowed non conformists to be able to be expelled and driven out of existance

What did the Act in 1661 do to those who did not take Anglican communion?

Those who did not take communion could not sit on the borough corporations that governed many ports and market towns

Who was Sheldon?

Arch Bishop of Canterbury

What did Sheldon secure?

Conventicle Act ensuring harsh punishment for those who tried to conduct religous life in separate congregations

This was an attempt to destory Puritans but helpedd it survive

Why did Sheldons act backfire?

It strengthened the unity of dissent and led to increased support for nonconformist groups, uniting them against Anglican authority.

What did the Convention parliament do?

They offered Charles less money than he needed so he would have to rely on regular taxation as couldnt force loans

What did Parliament ensure Charles II still dod the right to?

such as Forced Loans Feudal Taxes

What was the Hearth Tax?

Raised 250,000 pounds each year

was assesed by the amount of Hearths you had in each house

What other sources of income did Charles II have?

Customs duty

Excise tax

How much did Charles gain from customs duty and excise tax each year?

1.2 million

What problems were foreshadowed by Charles II's announcement when he reached Dover?

He was not King in parliament as sees God as having granted him power.

Why did the Cavalier parliament not Grant Charles II more money?

They didnt agree with his spending and saw it as irresponsible and still wanted a role for Parliament

When was the Hearth Tax authorised?

1661 and authorised in 1662

What was a limitation to the Hearth Tax?

Parliament thought it would raise more

What was a significant limitation to the Restoration Settlement?

The piecemeal fashion left a series of contradictions leading to conflict

What did Charles attempt to suspend in 1662?

Act of Uniformity

What are 2 reasons for Charles perceived religious toleration?

• Genuinely opposed to religious persecution unless necessary

• Would also help the English Catholics as well as easing religious divisions

What were Catholic links that Charles II had?

French Catholic Mother

Louis XIV was his cousin and he spent time in Catholic Court

Brother declared to be catholic

What can be said about Charles II foreign policy?

pro- French

What did Charles embark on in 1655?

Second Anglo Dutch War

How did Charles justify Second Anglo Dutch War?

Commercial Rivalry

however aimed to

Aid Louis XIV in his campaign to destory the Protestant Dutch Republic

Extend the French territory

What can be said about the second Anglo Dutch war?

Poorly managed

Who was the Lord High Admiral (leader of the War?

James, Duke of York (Kings Brother)

Had James, Duke of York (Kings Brother) had another other suecc in War?

YES at

Lowestoft

Sole Bay

What worsened Charles public humiliation due to the loss of the Anglo Dutch War?

• Great Plague of London in 1655

• Great Fire of London 1666

What did people think about the Plague and the Fire?

Work of Catholic advisors to the King

Had been started by Papists who were plotting to sieze power

Who did Charles to deflect suspicions about the Plague and the Fire of London?

Edward Hyde (Clarendon) who had actually opposed the War

How did Charles II worsen the Catholic suspicions?

• Replaced Clarendon with the Cabal which included 2 Catholics

• Brother James announced Conversion to Catholicism

• Signed a treat commiting England to another far with the French

• Secret clause announcing his own conversion to Catholicism at the Right time

• French give money to the King to free him from dependence on Parliament

What did Charles issue in 1672 which caused further friction?

Declaration of Indulgence

What happened to Charles 1662 Declaration of Indulgence?

Was forced to withdraw it by a strongly Anglican parliament

What was significant about Charles 1672 declaration of Indulgence?

• Included Catholics

• Based on belief in the monarchs prerogative powers to suspend and grant laws- uncomfortable precedent

Why did the Declaration of Indulgence last for a year?

Was maintained when parliament was not in session but his financial problems forced Charles to recall it

What did Charles suspend in 1672?

Repayments to his creditors in what was known as

Stop of the Exchequer

What was Charles forced to do due to his agreement in the Treaty of Dover?

Begin a third Anglo Dutch war

What did the Commons make Charles do in order for them to grant him money?

Declare the Indulgence

What did Parliament introduce in 1673

The Test Act

What did the Test Act do?

Forced holders of public office to deny key Catholic Doctrines

and led to no Catholics in public office or political roles

What did the Test Act lead to?

Resignation of Lord Treasurer Clifford and Charles Brother James as Lord Admiral

What did Charles do after Clifford resigned?

appointed Treasurer Thomas Osborne and Earl of Danby

What did the appointment of Danby show about Charles?

Able to recognize when he overstepped his powers as Danby was Anglican high church and Protestant

What did Danby do?

Manages foreign policy in favour of the Dutch

Who did Danby organise the marriage of in 1677?

William of Orange and James Protestant Daughter

Who did Danby upset with his foreign policy ideas?

Anthony Ashley Cooper-Earl of Shaftesbury who wanted toleration not uniformity

What did Shaftsbury do due to his disillusionment?

Organised opposition with like minded allies against Charles which would be later known as the Whigs

How did Danby remain in favor?

Used gifts and bribery to gain support based on acces to royal patronage

What did Charles II face from 1678 onwards?

Popish Plot

Exclusion Crisis

Rye House Plot

Who Posed the challenge during the Popish Plot?

The Jesuits

The French

Who discovered the Popish plot?

Titus Oates an Anglican priest in 1678

What was the Plan of the Popish Plot?

A plot to murder Charles II and replace him with his Catholic brother James

What Happened during the Popish Plot?

The Oates told the story to a magistrate named Godfery who was found dead in a Public park and investigations revealed the former employee of the Duke of York sending letters to Jesuit and French agents

How did Charles respond to the Popish Plot?

He did little to begin with

The Broadsheets began to sensationalize the story

Parliament accepted the Premise

What were the Outcome of the Popish plot?

Shaftsbury used this as a way to challenge Danbys power in saying the use of bribes was linked to activities described by Oates and Danbys as treasonous

What did Shaftsbury attempt in 1678?

Impeach Danby due to evidence of him accepting bribes from France

How did Charles attempt to save Danby?

Dissolving the Cavaliar Parliament in 1679

How did Charles fail in attempting to save Danby?

Elections proved an Anti Danby majority

Why was a the exclusion crisis triggered by the Popish plot?

Shaftsbury tried to push through a law excluding James from succession

have Duke of Monmoth (Charles illegitimate son to inherit the crown)

What did the new parliament force Charles to appoint?

A New Privy Council

What did Court consist of?

In the Kings favour

Older men were Lords Younger were Mps

High society

Fought with Charles in civil war

What did the Country consist of?

Not in the Kings favour

May be Lords

Fought against Charles in CW

Cromwell, Pym Junto

What did the Whigs want politically?

More reform in Parliaments favour

What did the Whigs want religiously?

Pro toleration of dissenters but strongly anti-catholic

What did the Tories want politically?

Pro monarchy and restrict parliamentary power

What did the Tories want Religiously?

Anglican and supportive of Clarendon code, anti toleration

anti catholic anti dissenters

Why was Charles torn?

Had to show support for Danby

Agreed more with Shaftsbury religous attitude

Who was leader of the Whigs?

Ashley Cooper (shaftsbury)

Who was the leader of the Tories?

Thomas Osborne (danby)

What happened politically in 1660-1667?

Earl of Clarendon helped with the restoration and created the Clarendon Code

What happened politically in 1667-1673?

Clarendon was used as the Scapegoat after loss of Second anglo dutch war and was replaced by Cabal

Who was in the Cabal?

Clifford, Ashley Cooper, Buckingham, Arlington and Lauderdale