Lesson 10: Lipids & Lipoproteins

It is the component of plasma membrane.

Carbohydrates

It is the component of lipid bilayer that provides semi - permeable membrane for the cells.

Lipids

Give the 3 important biomolecules that is being utilized in our body by cells to produce the cell structure.

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins

It is known to be fats and a **rich source of energy** to store the excess calories. It is also an integral part of the cellular membrane and served as the precursor to steroid hormones.

Lipids

Give example of nonpolar organic solvents.

Chloroform and Ether

Soluble or Insoluble: lipids to nonpolar organic solvents (ether and choloroform)

Soluble

Soluble or Insoluble: lipids to polar solvents (water)

Insoluble

An example of polar solvent.

Water

These are known to be the hydrophobic solvents.

Nonpolar Organic Solvents

Lipids is composed of what type of bonds?

Carbon - Hydrogen Bonds

It is a carrier protein or a transporter for a non-polar, insoluble water and plasma.

Lipoproteins

It contains almost a **90% of water**.

Plasma

This process is needed by the body for fats and triglyceride can be utilized as energy source.

Gluconeogenesis

A process wherein if there is an excess glucose inside the body, it will be stored.

Lipogenesis

True or False: Cholesterol is also one of the rich source of energy lipid.

False

The carbohydrates will be converted into ___ in order to be stored as an excess calories.

Fats

What is the main lipid?

Cholesterol

What are the steroid hormones?

Glucocorticoids, Estrogen, Progesterone, Testosterone

It has a **carboxyl group at the polar end** and a **hydrocarbon chain at the nonpolar tail**.

Fatty Acids

True or False: Fatty Acids is amphipathic

True

A type of compound that is water loving (polar) and water - fearing group (nonpolar).

Amphipathic

A fatty acid that occurs in a living system contains _ **carbon atoms** and the **hydrocarbon chain is** _?

even number, unbranched

Fatty acids in the body are mostly in the form of?

Triglycerides

True or False: Fatty acids does not bond with another compound.

False

What is the **most common form** of fatty acid **seen in the body?**

Fatty acid attached to glycerol

It is a **byproduct of bacterial metabolism** in **gut.**

Short Chain Fatty Acids

**Short Chain Fatty Acids** are what type of factors to differentiate the diseases?

Predisposing Factors

Presence of single bond in a chain a found in a carboxyl group. It is polar or water - loving group.

Saturated Fatty Acid

A carbon - carbon double bond in a chain.

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

It is the formation or configuration of lipids.

Cis and Trans

True or False: **stereochemistry** at **double bond** is usually trans rather than cis.

False

It is the most common formation of lipids and usually found in animals and natural food products.

Cis

True or False: All Cis fatty acids are natural.

True

True or False: Trans Fatty Acids are commonly found in the nature.

False

It is a process of creating an unsaturated fats and trans fatty acids.

Hydrogenation

This fats can is dangerous in the body because it can blocks the artery.

Trans Fats

18:0 means?

18-carbon saturated fatty acid with no double bonds

18:1 means?

18-carbon fatty acids with one double bond

Low or High: the unsaturated fatty acids has __ melting points than saturated fatty acids.

Low

An example of Unsaturated Fat in a liquid form.

Cooking Oil

Unsaturated Fat are in a liquid form and Saturated fat are in a solid form in what temperature?

Room Temperature

Saturated Fat are solid in what temperature

Room Temperature

Result of 2 fatty acids + Glycerol

Phosphatidic acid

Result of 1 phosphoric acid + glycerol + alcohol

Phosphatidyl ester

What is the most abundant lipid in the body?

Phospholipid

Enumerate the 3 most common forms of lipid found in the body

Lecithin, Sphingomyelin, Cephalin

Percentage of Lecithin in the body

70%

Percentage of Sphingomyelin in the body

20%

Percentage of Cephalin in the body

10%

Term for the only phospholipid in membranes that is not derived from glycerol but from an amino alcohol called sphingosine

Sphingomyelin

A disease caused by the deficiency in an enzyme that metabolizes or digests the sphingomyelin, which results to fat accumulation in the liver and spleen

Niemann-Pick disease

Also known as Neutral fat

Triglyceride

Alternative name for Triglyceride

Triacylglycerol

Composition of Triglycerides

3 fatty acids, 1 glycerol

What is the main storage of lipid in man?

Triglycerides

Enumerate the main function of Triglycerides

Provides insulation

What enzyme hydrolyzes the ester linkages of triglycerides upon the usage of fatty acids?

Lipase

A biomolecule that is not a source of fuel and contains 4 rings and single C-H chain tail

Cholesterol

Enumerate the 5 major classes of steroid that cholesterol acts as a precursor of

Progestins, Glucocorticoids, Mineralcorticoids, Androgens, Estrogens

Part of the body that procides cholesterol

Liver

Enumerate the 2 forms of Cholesterol

Cholesterol ester, Free cholesterol

Percentage of Cholesterol ester in the composition of total Cholesterol in the body

70%

Percentage of Free Cholesterol in the composition of total Cholesterol in the body

30%

Form of Cholesterol that is hydrophilic, composes of cholesterol ring and fatty acid, and undergoes esterification by Lecithin-Cholesterol Acyl Transferase (LCAT)

Cholesterol ester

Form of Cholesterol that is unesterified, Hydrophobic, and is found in the surface of lipoproteins

Free cholesterol

Enzyme that converts HMG-CoA to Melavonic acid

HMG-CoA reductase

End result of HMG-CoA + HMG-CoA reductase

Melavonic acid

Term for larm macromolecular complexes of lipids with specialized protein, known as apolipoprotein

Lipoprotein

Term for the protein portion of a lipoprotein

Apolipoprotein

Term for the protein portion of an enzyme

Apoenzyme

Main functions of Lipoprotein

Transports TAG and cholesterol to sites of energy storage and utilization

Least dense Lipoprotein

Chylomicrons

2nd least dense Lipoprotein

VLDL

3rd least dense Lipoprotein

LDL

Most dense Lipoprotein

HDL

Largest Lipoprotein

Chylomicrons

2nd largest Lipoprotein

B-Liporpoteins

3rd largest Lipoprotein

Pre-B-Lipoproteins

Smallest Lipoprotein

a-Lipoprotein

Lipoprotein that is the main transporter of exogenous triglycerides

Chylomicrons

Lipoprotein that is a major carrier of cholesterol esters

LDL

Lipoprotein that carries cholesterol

HDL

Part of the body that produces Chylomicrons

Intestines

Enumerate the composition of Chylomicrons

Triglycerides, CHON

Alternative term for VLDL

Pre-B-Lipoprotein

Composition of VLDL

Triglycerides, Cholesterol, Phospholipid, Protein

Product of metabolism of VLDL in circulation, constitutes about 50% of total lipoprotein mass in human plasma, and transports choelsterol from the liver to the peripheral tissue

LDL

Alternative term for HDL

a-Lipoprotein

Part of the body that produces HDL

Liver, Intestines

Type of Lipoprotein that is involved in reverse choelsterol transport and exists as disk-shaped or spherical particles

HDL