APUSH AP Exam Unit 2

By the end of the seventeenth century, which of the following was true of women in New England?

A. They had begun to challenge their subordinate role in society.

B. They were a majority in many church congregations.

C. They voted in local elections.

D. They frequently divorced their husbands.

E. They could lead town meetings.

B. They were a majority in many church congregations.

All of the following groups of non-English colonists migrated into the British North American colonies in large numbers throughout the eighteenth century EXCEPT

A. Germans

B. Russians

C. Scots

D. Irish

E. Dutch

B. Russians

"I . . . longed to see and hear him, and wished he would come this way. And I soon heard he was [to] come to New York and [New Jersey] and great multitudes [began] flocking after him under great concern for their souls which brought on my concern more and more hoping soon to see him. . . .

"Then one morning all of a sudden, about 8 or 9 o'clock there came a messenger and said Mr. Whitefield . . . is to preach at Middletown this morning. . . . I was in my field at work. I dropped my tool that I had in my hand and ran home and . . . bade my wife get ready quick to go and hear Mr. Whitefield preach at Middletown, and [ran] to my pasture for my horse with all my might, fearing that I should be too late to hear him.

". . . . When we got to the old meeting house there was a great multitude; it was said to be 3 or 4,000 . . . people assembled together. . . .

"When I saw Mr. Whitefield . . . he looked almost angelical . . .

A. Protestant evangelicalism furthered the Anglicization of the colonies.

"I . . . longed to see and hear him, and wished he would come this way. And I soon heard he was [to] come to New York and [New Jersey] and great multitudes [began] flocking after him under great concern for their souls which brought on my concern more and more hoping soon to see him. . . .

"Then one morning all of a sudden, about 8 or 9 o'clock there came a messenger and said Mr. Whitefield . . . is to preach at Middletown this morning. . . . I was in my field at work. I dropped my tool that I had in my hand and ran home and . . . bade my wife get ready quick to go and hear Mr. Whitefield preach at Middletown, and [ran] to my pasture for my horse with all my might, fearing that I should be too late to hear him.

". . . . When we got to the old meeting house there was a great multitude; it was said to be 3 or 4,000 . . . people assembled together. . . .

"When I saw Mr. Whitefield . . . he looked almost angelical . . .

C. The spread of the First Great Awakening from Britain to North America

"I . . . longed to see and hear him, and wished he would come this way. And I soon heard he was [to] come to New York and [New Jersey] and great multitudes [began] flocking after him under great concern for their souls which brought on my concern more and more hoping soon to see him. . . .

"Then one morning all of a sudden, about 8 or 9 o'clock there came a messenger and said Mr. Whitefield . . . is to preach at Middletown this morning. . . . I was in my field at work. I dropped my tool that I had in my hand and ran home and . . . bade my wife get ready quick to go and hear Mr. Whitefield preach at Middletown, and [ran] to my pasture for my horse with all my might, fearing that I should be too late to hear him.

". . . . When we got to the old meeting house there was a great multitude; it was said to be 3 or 4,000 . . . people assembled together. . . .

"When I saw Mr. Whitefield . . . he looked almost angelical . . .

D. The British colonies became part of a trans-Atlantic print culture that facilitated the spread of European ideas.

"I conceive there lies a clear rule... that the elder women should instruct the younger and then I must have a time wherein I must do it.

"If any come to my house to be instructed in the ways of God what rule have I to put them away?"

"The power of the Holy Spirit dwelleth perfectly in every believer, and the inward revelations of her own spirit, and the conscious judgment of her own mind are of authority paramount to any word of God."

-Anne Hutchinson, 1630s

The excerpts from Anne Hutchinson best represent which of the following developments in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in the 1630s?

A. Growing challenges by dissenters to civil authorities

B. Efforts to raise the level of education for young girls and women

C. Growing disagreement over the expansion of legal rights in the colonial charter

D. Efforts by colonial women to establish independent communities separate from men

A. Growing challenges by dissenters to civil authorities

Anne Hutchinson was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1637 because she

A. violated Puritan laws regarding marriage

B. advocated the inclusion of American Indians in Puritan congregations

C. was a Quaker who sought converts

D. advocated giving women full inheritance

E. challenged the religious beliefs of the colony's leaders

E. challenged the religious beliefs of the colony's leaders

Which of the following best explains why Massachusetts Bay officials banished Anne Hutchinson?

A. She challenged gender roles and Puritan orthodoxy.

B. She was found guilty of practicing witchcraft.

C. She preached the doctrine of predestination.

D. She gave birth to a child out of wedlock.

E. She opened an unlicensed tavern.

A. She challenged gender roles and Puritan orthodoxy.

"Brothers, We tell you that we seek not war, we ask nothing better than to be quiet, and it depends, Brothers, only on you English, to have peace with us.

"We have not yet sold the lands we inhabit, [and] we wish to keep the possession of them. Our elders have been willing to tolerate you, brothers Englishmen, on the seaboard. . . . But we will not cede one single inch of the lands we inhabit beyond what has been decided formerly by our fathers.

"[The governor of French Canada] who is here present has nothing to do with what we say to you; we speak to you of our own accord, and in the name of all our allies. . . . We are entirely free; we are allies of the King of France, from whom we have received the Faith and all sorts of assistance in our necessities; we love that Monarch, and we are strongly attached to his interests."

-Ateawanto, Abenaki Indian leader, speech delivered to a representative of the royal governor

A. British settlers

"Brothers, We tell you that we seek not war, we ask nothing better than to be quiet, and it depends, Brothers, only on you English, to have peace with us.

"We have not yet sold the lands we inhabit, [and] we wish to keep the possession of them. Our elders have been willing to tolerate you, brothers Englishmen, on the seaboard. . . . But we will not cede one single inch of the lands we inhabit beyond what has been decided formerly by our fathers.

"[The governor of French Canada] who is here present has nothing to do with what we say to you; we speak to you of our own accord, and in the name of all our allies. . . . We are entirely free; we are allies of the King of France, from whom we have received the Faith and all sorts of assistance in our necessities; we love that Monarch, and we are strongly attached to his interests."

-Ateawanto, Abenaki Indian leader, speech delivered to a representative of the royal governor

D. To protect his people's land from English colonizers

"Brothers, We tell you that we seek not war, we ask nothing better than to be quiet, and it depends, Brothers, only on you English, to have peace with us.

"We have not yet sold the lands we inhabit, [and] we wish to keep the possession of them. Our elders have been willing to tolerate you, brothers Englishmen, on the seaboard. . . . But we will not cede one single inch of the lands we inhabit beyond what has been decided formerly by our fathers.

"[The governor of French Canada] who is here present has nothing to do with what we say to you; we speak to you of our own accord, and in the name of all our allies. . . . We are entirely free; we are allies of the King of France, from whom we have received the Faith and all sorts of assistance in our necessities; we love that Monarch, and we are strongly attached to his interests."

-Ateawanto, Abenaki Indian leader, speech delivered to a representative of the royal governor

C. Competition between European empires for Native American allies

Bacon's Rebellion occurred because of disagreements between frontier settlers and the Virginia governor over which of the following issues?

A. Relations with American Indians and restrictions on the fur trade

B. An increase in taxes to subsidize the slave trade and support internal improvements

C. The assignment of Anglican ministers to new settlements

D. Currency disputes resulting from English demands that settlers end the use of barter

E. The drafting of settlers into the English army

A. Relations with American Indians and restrictions on the fur trade

Which of the following happened as a result of Bacon's Rebellion in 1676 ?

A. Governor William Berkeley abolished Virginia's House of Burgesses.

B. Virginia passed new laws protecting workers' rights.

C. Tensions between backcountry farmers and the tidewater gentry were exposed.

D. Indentured servants received additional free land after fulfilling their terms of service.

E. The king allowed Virginia colonists to select their own governor.

C. Tensions between backcountry farmers and the tidewater gentry were exposed.

By the 1750's, the British colonies on the North American mainland were characterized by all of the following EXCEPT

A. disdain for British constitutional monarchy

B. many religious denominations

C. a society without a hereditary aristocracy

D. a growing number of non-English settlers

E. acceptance of slavery as a labor system

A. disdain for British constitutional monarchy

Settlers who established the British colony in Virginia during the seventeenth century were primarily seeking to

A. recreate an Old World feudalistic society in the New World

B. create a perfect religious commonwealth as an example to the rest of the world

C. create a refuge for political dissidents

D. profit economically

E. increase the glory of Great Britain

D. profit economically

Which of the following characterizes the relationship between church and state for the Puritans who settled the Massachusetts Bay Colony in the seventeenth century?

A. The colonial government officially supported religious toleration.

B. Colonial officials strictly separated church and state.

C. Colonial officials encouraged churches to incorporate Catholic elements of worship.

D. Ministers held most elected offices.

E. Church membership was required for voting and holding public office.

E. Church membership was required for voting and holding public office.

Colonial cities functioned primarily as

A. mercantile centers for collecting agricultural goods and distributing imported manufactured goods

B. places were most poor immigrants settled and worked as independent artisans

C. centers where large scale financial and banking operations were conducted

D. places to which wage earners commuted from numerous surrounding communities

E. centers of light manufacturing

A. mercantile centers for collecting agricultural goods and distributing imported manufactured goods

Which of the following was true of colonial New England?

A. It consisted of loosely organized communities spread some distance apart.

B. Its economy was dependent on large-scale farming and trading.

C. Life was centered in clustered villages with farmland surrounding the villages.

D. Most people lived in large cities.

E. Villages and small towns were tightly organized around an artisan community.

C. Life was centered in clustered villages with farmland surrounding the villages.

Which of the following was a characteristic of colonial Pennsylvania?

A. There was no established church.

B. Founder William Penn endorsed a policy of removing American Indians to the western region of the colony.

C. Poor farmland in the backcountry aggravated the colony's economic woes.

D. All White males could vote.

E. The office of governor was an elective post.

A. There was no established church.

In which of the following British North American colonies was slavery legally established by the early 1700's?

A. The southern colonies only

B. The middle and southern colonies only

C. The tobacco- and rice-growing colonies only

D. All the colonies except Pennsylvania and the New England colonies

E. All the colonies

E. All the colonies

In the seventeenth century, the earliest British colonies in Virginia were saved from economic ruin by

A. the introduction of price controls on agricultural commodities

B. the introduction of tobacco cultivation

C. formal trade treaties with American Indians

D. the extension of the western frontiers

E. increased reliance on indentured servitude

B. the introduction of tobacco cultivation

In the eighteenth century, colonial Virginia and colonial Massachusetts were most alike in that both

A. relied on the marketing of a single crop

B. were heavily dependent on slave labor

C. had an established Anglican church

D. were royal colonies

E. administered local government through justice of the peace

D. were royal colonies

In the period 1650-1750, all of the following contributed to British North American colonists' sense of identity as British subjects EXCEPT the

A. growth of commerce across the Atlantic Ocean

B. increased circulation of London newspaper articles reprinted in the colonies

C. expansion of the colonies into western frontier regions

D. availability of British manufactured goods in the colonies

E. warfare against the French and their American Indian allies

C. expansion of the colonies into western frontier regions

Colonists from which of the following European nations generally had the most cooperative relations with American Indians?

A. England

B. France

C. Portugal

D. Spain

E. The Netherlands

B. France

Which of the following best describes Deism?

A. A belief that the course of each individual's life is predestined by God

B. A concept of toleration advanced by Quaker preachers

C. The belief that God had created the world but allowed it to operate through the laws of nature

D. A principle taught in colonial New England colleges

E. A radical theory encouraging free love and communal living

C. The belief that God had created the world but allowed it to operate through the laws of nature

The dissatisfaction of Virginia farmers with the colonial governor who failed to protect them against American Indian raids led to

A. Bacon's Rebellion

B. the Glorious Revolution

C. Leisler's Rebellion

D. Shays' Rebellion

E. Gabriel's Rebellion

A. Bacon's Rebellion

The Dutch settled New Netherland primarily to

A. secure a refuge for the persecuted

B. check the growth of English colonies in North America

C. expand their commercial and mercantile network

D. gain colonies to produce agricultural surpluses

E. secure naval supplies

C. expand their commercial and mercantile network

Which of the following explains the most likely reason why English colonists wanted to come to North America?

A. To put distance between themselves and the English monarchy

B. To exercise their strong belief in natural rights and liberty for all

C. To seek economic opportunity and improved living conditions

D. To form alliances with French and Dutch settlers already present

C. To seek economic opportunity and improved living conditions

Which of the following statements about Africans brought as slaves to the British North American colonies is true?

A. They were the primary labor source for plantations in the Chesapeake by 1630.

B. They had a much lower life expectantly in the Chesapeake than in South Carolina or the West Indies.

C. They greatly outnumbered Europeans in every colony south of the Mason-Dixon Line by 1776.

D. They maintained cultural practices brought from Africa.

E. They were the primary labor source in Pennsylvania until 1720.

D. They maintained cultural practices brought from Africa.

Which of the following groups was LEAST likely to respond with enthusiasm to the religious fervor of the Great Awakening in the 1730s and 1740s?

A. Established merchants in cities like Boston and Philadelphia

B. Presbyterians in the southern colonies

C. Backwoods farmers isolated on the colonial frontier

D. Landless sons in New England communities

E. Itinerant preachers unable to find permanent parishes for themselves

A. Established merchants in cities like Boston and Philadelphia

The expansion of European settlement in the Americas most directly led to which of the following developments?

A. The spread of religious tolerance throughout most of the European colonies in the Americas

B. The growing separation between the colonial economies and the economies of their mother countries

C. The use of enslaved Native Americans and Africans to meet the labor demands of colonial agricultural production

D. The declining competition among the major Europeans powers over their colonial holdings

C. The use of enslaved Native Americans and Africans to meet the labor demands of colonial agricultural production

Which of the following conflicts resulted in the successful expulsion of Europeans from the upper Rio Grande region of North America for nearly a decade?

A. Pontiac's Rebellion

B. The Pueblo Revolt

C. King Philip's War

D. The Pequot War

E. The Battle of Fallen Timbers

B. The Pueblo Revolt

Which of the following was true of the first Great Awakening?

A. It primarily affected church congregations in towns and cities.

B. Cotton Mather was one of its most famous preachers.

C. It was denounced by Jonathan Edwards.

D. It was primarily a southern phenomenon.

E. It resulted in divisions within both the Congregational and Presbyterian churches.

E. It resulted in divisions within both the Congregational and Presbyterian churches.

"[God's] wrath towards you burns like fire; He looks upon you as worthy of nothing else, but to be cast into the fire . . . you are ten thousand times more abominable in His eyes, as the most hateful and venomous serpent is in ours. You have offended Him infinitely more than ever a stubborn rebel did his prince. And yet, it is nothing but His hand that holds you from falling into the fire every moment."

The quote above is an example of the rhetoric from the

A. Puritan migration of the 1630s

B. Salem witch trials of the 1690s

C. Great Awakening of the 1730s

D. American Revolution of the 1770s

E. Mormon migration of the 1840s

C. Great Awakening of the 1730s

The Great Awakening of the 1740s led to

A. the growth of religious conformity throughout all the colonies

B. an increase in attacks on American Indian peoples

C. the establishment of Harvard College in Massachusetts

D. splits among existing religious denominations and the rise of new churches

E. the growth of hysteria in Massachusetts over witchcraft

The Halfway Covenant provided for which of the following?

A. The baptism of children of baptized but unconverted Puritans

B. The granting of suffrage to non church members

C. The expansion of women's power within the Congregational church

D. The granting of full membership in the Congregational church to all New Englanders

E. The posting of banns by engaged couples

A. The baptism of children of baptized but unconverted Puritans

"What induced [American] Indians to go out of their way to trap beaver and trade the skins for glass beads, mirrors, copper kettles, and other goods?... Recent scholarship on [American] Indians' motives in this earliest stage of the trade indicates that they regarded such objects as the equivalents of the quartz, mica, shell, and other sacred substances that had formed the heart of long-distance exchange in North America for millennia.... While northeastern [American] Indians recognized Europeans as different from themselves, they interacted with them and their materials in ways that were consistent with their own customs and beliefs."

-Neal Salisbury, historian, "The Indians' Old World: Native Americans and the Coming of Europeans," 1996

A direct result of European exploration of North America during the 1500s and early 1600s was the

A. large-scale migration of American Indians to Europe

B. introduction of new anim

B. introduction of new animals and crops to North America

"What induced [American] Indians to go out of their way to trap beaver and trade the skins for glass beads, mirrors, copper kettles, and other goods?... Recent scholarship on [American] Indians' motives in this earliest stage of the trade indicates that they regarded such objects as the equivalents of the quartz, mica, shell, and other sacred substances that had formed the heart of long-distance exchange in North America for millennia.... While northeastern [American] Indians recognized Europeans as different from themselves, they interacted with them and their materials in ways that were consistent with their own customs and beliefs."

-Neal Salisbury, historian, "The Indians' Old World: Native Americans and the Coming of Europeans," 1996

Which of the following types of evidence would best support the argument in the excerpt?

A. Shipping inventories from trade between Liverpool and Boston

B. Diaries from British set

C. Artifacts from American Indian settlements

"New France enter[ed] its golden age in the first decades of the eighteenth century.... In Louisiana, the Illinois country, and the Great Lakes basin, French cities and villages developed alongside Indian villages.

. . . Here, natives and Europeans found that their different goals were complementary. The French posed no demographic threat.... The landscape of Indian life had not been seriously altered. The fur trade depended on the integrity of that landscape."

-Jay Gitlin, historian, "Empires of Trade, Hinterlands of Settlement," 1994

The relationship between American Indians and the French described in the excerpt was most similar to the relationship between American Indians and the

A. British

B. Dutch

C. Spanish

D. Portuguese

B. Dutch

"New France enter[ed] its golden age in the first decades of the eighteenth century.... In Louisiana, the Illinois country, and the Great Lakes basin, French cities and villages developed alongside Indian villages.

. . . Here, natives and Europeans found that their different goals were complementary. The French posed no demographic threat.... The landscape of Indian life had not been seriously altered. The fur trade depended on the integrity of that landscape."

-Jay Gitlin, historian, "Empires of Trade, Hinterlands of Settlement," 1994

Which of the following evidence could best be used to support Gitlin's argument in the excerpt?

A. European efforts to arm American Indians

B. The use of slave labor to produce sugar in Louisiana

C. Military conflicts between the French, Dutch, British, and Spanish

D. Intermarriage between French colonists and American Indians

D. Intermarriage between French colonists and American Indians

"Slavery, though imposed and maintained by violence, was a negotiated relationship.... First, even as they confronted one another, master and slave had to concede, however grudgingly, a degree of legitimacy to the other.... [T]he web of interconnections between master and slave necessitated a coexistence that fostered cooperation as well as contestation. Second, because the circumstances of such contestation and cooperation continually changed, slavery itself continually changed. . . . Slavery was never made, but instead was continually remade, for power—no matter how great—was never absolute, but always contingent."

-Ira Berlin, historian, Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America, 1998

Which of the following contributed most to the increasing use of African slave labor in North America during the 1600s and 1700s?

A. Successful colonial attempts to convert enslaved Africans to Christi

B. European demand for agricultural products grown in the colonies

"Slavery, though imposed and maintained by violence, was a negotiated relationship.... First, even as they confronted one another, master and slave had to concede, however grudgingly, a degree of legitimacy to the other.... [T]he web of interconnections between master and slave necessitated a coexistence that fostered cooperation as well as contestation. Second, because the circumstances of such contestation and cooperation continually changed, slavery itself continually changed. . . . Slavery was never made, but instead was continually remade, for power—no matter how great—was never absolute, but always contingent."

-Ira Berlin, historian, Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America, 1998

Which of the following primary sources would most likely support Berlin's argument in the excerpt?

A. Data showing the growth of the enslaved population during the 1700s

B. Records of purchases and sal

C. Diary entries from a slaveholder discussing plantation life

"In 1680 Pueblo leaders united most of their communities against the European intruders....In a matter of weeks, the Pueblos had eliminated Spaniards from New Mexico above El Paso. The natives had killed over 400 of the province's 2,500 foreigners, destroyed or sacked every Spanish building, and laid waste to the Spaniards' fields. There could be no mistaking the deep animosity that some natives, men as well as their influential wives and mothers, held toward their former oppressors.... Some Pueblo leaders...urged an end to all things Spanish as well as Christian. After the fighting subsided, they counselled against speaking Castilian or planting crops introduced by the Europeans."

-David J. Weber, historian, The Spanish Frontier in North America, 1992

English colonization patterns in North America differed most from Spanish colonization in that the English

A. more often settled as families and rarely intermarried w

A. more often settled as families and rarely intermarried with Native Americans

"In 1680 Pueblo leaders united most of their communities against the European intruders....In a matter of weeks, the Pueblos had eliminated Spaniards from New Mexico above El Paso. The natives had killed over 400 of the province's 2,500 foreigners, destroyed or sacked every Spanish building, and laid waste to the Spaniards' fields. There could be no mistaking the deep animosity that some natives, men as well as their influential wives and mothers, held toward their former oppressors.... Some Pueblo leaders...urged an end to all things Spanish as well as Christian. After the fighting subsided, they counselled against speaking Castilian or planting crops introduced by the Europeans."

-David J. Weber, historian, The Spanish Frontier in North America, 1992

The conflict described in the excerpt led primarily to which of the following changes in Spanish colonial policy?

A. Scaling back of the Spanish presence in North Ame

D. Greater accommodation to Native American cultures

Which of the following best explains why some European colonists intermarried with Native Americans?

A. To create economic and diplomatic relationships between Europeans and Native Americans

B. To ensure that specific European countries could establish claims to land in North America

C. To prevent the enslavement of certain groups of Native Americans considered allies

D. To establish a new culture that synthesized European and Native American elements

A. To create economic and diplomatic relationships between Europeans and Native Americans

Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in the New World, was founded by

A. three aristocratic proprietors seeking private gain

B. a joint stock company anxious to return a profit to investors

C. Sir Walter Raleigh, wishing to gain favor with Elizabeth I

D. King James I, eager to gain a base for expeditions against Spanish shipping

E. John Smith, seeking to spread Christianity

B. a joint stock company anxious to return a profit to investors

"The first we heard [while Smith was exploring the James River in May] was that 400 Indians the day before had assaulted the fort and surprised it. . . . With all speed we palisadoed [built barricades around] our fort;... The day before the ship's departure the king of [the] Pamunkey sent [an] Indian... to assure us peace, our fort being then palisadoed round, and all our men in good health and comfort, albeit... it did not so long continue.

"[By September] most of our chiefest men [were] either sick or discontented, the rest being in such despair as they would rather starve and rot with idleness than be persuaded to do anything for their own relief without constraint. Our victuals being now within eighteen days spent, and the Indian trade decreasing, I was sent to the mouth of the river to Kegquouhtan, an Indian town, to trade for corn, and try the river for fish, but our fishing we could not effect by reason of th

C. Increased attention to farming and agriculture

"The first we heard [while Smith was exploring the James River in May] was that 400 Indians the day before had assaulted the fort and surprised it. . . . With all speed we palisadoed [built barricades around] our fort;... The day before the ship's departure the king of [the] Pamunkey sent [an] Indian... to assure us peace, our fort being then palisadoed round, and all our men in good health and comfort, albeit... it did not so long continue.

"[By September] most of our chiefest men [were] either sick or discontented, the rest being in such despair as they would rather starve and rot with idleness than be persuaded to do anything for their own relief without constraint. Our victuals being now within eighteen days spent, and the Indian trade decreasing, I was sent to the mouth of the river to Kegquouhtan, an Indian town, to trade for corn, and try the river for fish, but our fishing we could not effect by reason of th

B. English relations with American Indians became mostly hostile and characterized by conflict.

"The first we heard [while Smith was exploring the James River in May] was that 400 Indians the day before had assaulted the fort and surprised it. . . . With all speed we palisadoed [built barricades around] our fort;... The day before the ship's departure the king of [the] Pamunkey sent [an] Indian... to assure us peace, our fort being then palisadoed round, and all our men in good health and comfort, albeit... it did not so long continue.

"[By September] most of our chiefest men [were] either sick or discontented, the rest being in such despair as they would rather starve and rot with idleness than be persuaded to do anything for their own relief without constraint. Our victuals being now within eighteen days spent, and the Indian trade decreasing, I was sent to the mouth of the river to Kegquouhtan, an Indian town, to trade for corn, and try the river for fish, but our fishing we could not effect by reason of th

B. To increase support for the colony from the monarchy and investors

"The existence of [colonial] subregions leads us to another question: whether the Middle Colonies in fact represented a coherent region at all. . . . In important respects, the Middle Colonies can be divided into separate societies focused around the cities of New York and Philadelphia. Thus the economies of [New York] and northern New Jersey were tied closely to that of New York City, while those of southern New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and northern Delaware were linked to Philadelphia. Those areas grew at very different rates, and they possessed quite distinct characteristics. . . .

"Nonetheless, the Middle Colonies did share a number of things. One was their geography, a combination of climate and topography and setting, which determined some of the ways the land could be put to use, its accessibility to both intra-regional and international commerce, and its strategic importance in imperial competition. It was a reg

B. Toleration of religious diversity in the Middle Colonies was made a necessity because of patterns of migration.

"The existence of [colonial] subregions leads us to another question: whether the Middle Colonies in fact represented a coherent region at all. . . . In important respects, the Middle Colonies can be divided into separate societies focused around the cities of New York and Philadelphia. Thus the economies of [New York] and northern New Jersey were tied closely to that of New York City, while those of southern New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and northern Delaware were linked to Philadelphia. Those areas grew at very different rates, and they possessed quite distinct characteristics. . . .

"Nonetheless, the Middle Colonies did share a number of things. One was their geography, a combination of climate and topography and setting, which determined some of the ways the land could be put to use, its accessibility to both intra-regional and international commerce, and its strategic importance in imperial competition. It was a reg

D. The Middle Colonies faced similar challenges in governing diverse colonists after they became English.

"The existence of [colonial] subregions leads us to another question: whether the Middle Colonies in fact represented a coherent region at all. . . . In important respects, the Middle Colonies can be divided into separate societies focused around the cities of New York and Philadelphia. Thus the economies of [New York] and northern New Jersey were tied closely to that of New York City, while those of southern New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and northern Delaware were linked to Philadelphia. Those areas grew at very different rates, and they possessed quite distinct characteristics. . . .

"Nonetheless, the Middle Colonies did share a number of things. One was their geography, a combination of climate and topography and setting, which determined some of the ways the land could be put to use, its accessibility to both intra-regional and international commerce, and its strategic importance in imperial competition. It was a reg

D. had different local economies focused on Philadelphia and New York City

Which of the following was generally accepted by the majority of American colonists as a legitimate use of Parliament's authority?

A. Intolerable Acts

B. Navigation Acts

C. Stamp Act

D. Port of Boston Act

E. Tea Act

B. Navigation Acts

Life in the Jamestown Colony in the early seventeenth century was difficult for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

A. The colonists suffered from malnutrition due to a poor diet.

B. Some colonists believed that farming was beneath their social standing.

C. None of the expected gold or silver was found.

D. A severe outbreak of disease occurred.

E. The Spanish conducted frequent raids.

E. The Spanish conducted frequent raids.

Which of the following most profoundly transformed the lives of slaves in the South in the mid-1700s?

A. The reluctance of White slaveholders to move west and settle in the Ohio River valley

B. The growing popularity of antislavery sentiment among White Americans

C. The growth of a native-born African American population

D. The prevalence of slave rebellions on large plantations

E. The passage of gradual emancipation laws in the upper South

C. The growth of a native-born African American population

"The God that holds you over the pit of hell, much as one holds a spider, or some loathsome insect over the fire, abhors you, and is dreadfully provoked; his wrath towards you burns like fire; he looks upon you as worthy of nothing else, but to be cast into the fire; . . . and yet it is nothing but his hand that holds you from falling into the fire every moment."

The quotation above contains ideas typical of

A. the Enlightenment

B. the Anti-Federalists

C. Quakerism

D. the Great Awakening

E. antinomianism

D. the Great Awakening

Mercantilism as applied by Britain to its North American colonies meant that the British government

A. subsidized colonial merchants

B. encouraged the colonists to trade with other foreign countries

C. encouraged the colonies to become economically self-sufficient

D. regulated colonial shipping and tobacco production

E. barred trade with American Indians

D. regulated colonial shipping and tobacco production

A majority of the early English migrants to the Chesapeake Bay area were

A. families with young children

B. indentured servants

C. wealthy gentlemen

D. merchants and craftsmen

E. disfranchised Catholics

B. indentured servants

"Be it enacted ... That after the five and twentieth day of March, 1698, no goods or merchandizes whatsoever shall be imported into, or exported out of, any colony or plantation to his Majesty, in Asia, Africa, or America ... in any ship or bottom, but what is or shall be of the built of England, Ireland, or the said colonies or plantations ... and navigated with the masters and three fourths of the mariners of the said places only ... under pain of forfeiture of ships and goods."

— English Parliament, Navigation Act, 1696

The goals presented in the excerpt from the act have the most in common with which of the following?

A. Increases in the federal tariff in the 1820s

B. Progressive Era antitrust reforms in the 1900s

C. Free-trade policies in the 1990s

D. Federal tax reductions in the 2000s

A. Increases in the federal tariff in the 1820s

"Be it enacted ... That after the five and twentieth day of March, 1698, no goods or merchandizes whatsoever shall be imported into, or exported out of, any colony or plantation to his Majesty, in Asia, Africa, or America ... in any ship or bottom, but what is or shall be of the built of England, Ireland, or the said colonies or plantations ... and navigated with the masters and three fourths of the mariners of the said places only ... under pain of forfeiture of ships and goods."

— English Parliament, Navigation Act, 1696

The excerpt most directly reflects which of the following goals for England's North American colonies?

A. Developing them as a producer of manufactured goods

B. Aiding them in developing trade with other European nations

C. Integrating them into a coherent imperial structure based on mercantilism

D. Protecting them from American Indian attacks

C. Integrating them into a coherent imperial structure based on mercantilism

"Be it enacted ... That after the five and twentieth day of March, 1698, no goods or merchandizes whatsoever shall be imported into, or exported out of, any colony or plantation to his Majesty, in Asia, Africa, or America ... in any ship or bottom, but what is or shall be of the built of England, Ireland, or the said colonies or plantations ... and navigated with the masters and three fourths of the mariners of the said places only ... under pain of forfeiture of ships and goods."

— English Parliament, Navigation Act, 1696

One direct long-term effect of the Navigation Act was that it

A. promoted commercial treaties with Spain and France throughout the 1700s

B. contributed to the rise of opposition that ultimately fostered the independence movement

C. encouraged colonists in North America to expand trade agreements with American Indians

D. led to the imposition of heavy taxes on the North American colonists in the ea

B. contributed to the rise of opposition that ultimately fostered the independence movement

"For the increase of shipping... from thenceforward, no goods or commodities whatsoever shall be imported into or exported out of any lands, islands, plantations, or territories to his Majesty belonging... but in ships or vessels as do... belong only to the people of England... and whereof the master and three-fourths of the mariners at least are English....

"And it is further enacted... that... no sugars, tobacco, cottonwool, indigos, ginger, fustic, or other dyeing wood, of the growth, production, or manufacture of any English plantations in America, Asia, or Africa, shall be... transported from any of the said English plantations [colonies] to any land... other than to such other English plantations as do belong to his Majesty."

-English Parliament, Navigation Act of 1660

Which of the following most directly led to the passage of the Navigation Act of 1660 ?

A. The spread of Enlightenment ideas

B. The developmen

C. The emergence of an Atlantic economy

"For the increase of shipping... from thenceforward, no goods or commodities whatsoever shall be imported into or exported out of any lands, islands, plantations, or territories to his Majesty belonging... but in ships or vessels as do... belong only to the people of England... and whereof the master and three-fourths of the mariners at least are English....

"And it is further enacted... that... no sugars, tobacco, cottonwool, indigos, ginger, fustic, or other dyeing wood, of the growth, production, or manufacture of any English plantations in America, Asia, or Africa, shall be... transported from any of the said English plantations [colonies] to any land... other than to such other English plantations as do belong to his Majesty."

-English Parliament, Navigation Act of 1660

Which of the following most likely motivated Parliament to pass the law in the excerpt?

A. The decline of a strong English identity among colo

B. The desire to pursue mercantilist goals

By passing the Navigation Acts in the 1600s and 1700s, the British government intended to

A. reduce shipping costs between Britain and its North American colonies

B. guarantee that the British government would have a financial share of all colonial exports

C. create a source of income for British royal governors to use for improving colonial roads and canals

D. stimulate direct trade between British North American colonies and Spain and France

E. end colonial complaints about unjust taxation and regulation

B. guarantee that the British government would have a financial share of all colonial exports

The Navigation Acts were part of the British policy known as

A. isolationism

B. capitalism

C. mercantilism

D. monopolism

E. imperialism

C. mercantilism

New England Puritans sought primarily to create which of the following in Massachusetts?

A. A missionary community focused on converting American Indians to Christianity

B. Town meetings at which all adult males could vote

C. A model community promoting government by strict religious principles

D. A society founded on the principles of religious toleration

E. A community whose members achieved salvation through good works

C. A model community promoting government by strict religious principles

In the Colonial period, Quakers were known for all of the following EXCEPT their

A. acceptance of a greater role for women in public worship

B. opposition to the institution of slavery

C. advocacy of freedom of worship

D. refusal to pay taxes

E. refusal to bear arms

D. refusal to pay taxes

The Quakers were unique among the religious groups that settled in North America during the seventeenth century because they

A. defended the rights of White people to hold American Indians in slavery

B. founded a colony in which all inhabitants were obliged by law to subscribe to Quaker beliefs

C. allowed women to speak publicly in their religious meetings and to be missionaries

D. emphasized religious conversion through revival meetings

E. emphasized the distance between the human and the divine

C. allowed women to speak publicly in their religious meetings and to be missionaries

Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson challenged the authority of which of the following?

A. Anglican clergy

B. Puritan magistrates and ministers

C. Catholic priests and bishops

D. Baptist ministers

E. Methodist itinerants

B. Puritan magistrates and ministers

Which of the following is true of the slave system in eighteenth-century British North America?

A. The slave system was legal only in the southern colonies.

B. Indentured servants increasingly replaced slaves in the southern colonies.

C. Slaveowners gained increased legal power over their slaves.

D. Most slaves worked on cotton plantations.

E. All the southern colonies passed laws against freeing slaves.

C. Slaveowners gained increased legal power over their slaves.

In the seventeenth century, which of the following was true of slavery in British North America?

A. It was prohibited only in Massachusetts and Connecticut.

B. It was opposed by the Anglican church.

C. Slaves officially accounted for more than thirty percent of the colonial population.

D. The number of slaves increased rapidly in the last quarter of the century.

E. Most slaves lived on plantations with fifty or more slaves.

D. The number of slaves increased rapidly in the last quarter of the century.

By the late 1600s, slavery in North America became institutionalized in part because of the

A. decline of indentured labor

B. decline in immigration

C. increased mortality rate of White farmers

D. increased labor demands of factories

E. decreased availability of land

A. decline of indentured labor

The Stono Rebellion and the New York conspiracy trials of 1741 revealed which of the following?

A. Increasing resistance to taxation

B. The inability of newcomers to acquire fertile farmland

C. Overpopulation in urban areas

D. Sectional divisions between northern and southern colonies

E. Resistance to slavery

E. Resistance to slavery

The slaves who participated in the Stono rebellion in South Carolina in 1739 hoped to

A. take over the colony and end slavery in it

B. return to Africa by commandeering boats

C. flee to Florida where the Spanish offered freedom

D. run away to join Maroon groups living in the backcountry

E. escape to the North where they would be free

C. flee to Florida where the Spanish offered freedom

The Stono rebellion of 1739 in South Carolina was a

A. revolt of frontier farmers against coastal planters

B. slave insurrection

C. challenge to British colonial rule by non-British immigrants

D. Native American resistance movement

E. protest against the Anglican church

B. slave insurrection

The early success of the Pennsylvania colony was due in large part to which of the following?

A. Wars that forced American Indians out of the area

B. William Penn's careful planning and his policy of selling land to settlers

C. The ease of producing cotton and rice in the climate of Pennsylvania

D. William Penn's policy of allowing only selected Quakers to settle there

E. Restrictions on religious liberty that reduced controversy and conflict

B. William Penn's careful planning and his policy of selling land to settlers

The system of indentured labor used during the Colonial period had which of the following effects?

A. It enabled England to deport most criminals.

B. It enabled poor people to seek opportunity in America.

C. It delayed the establishment of slavery in the South until about 1750.

D. It facilitated the cultivation of cotton in the South.

E. It instituted social equality.

B. It enabled poor people to seek opportunity in America.

The "Great Awakening" refers to the

A. growth of European awareness of the New World in the 1500's

B. impact of the Enlightenment on colonial thought in the early 1700's

C. wave of religious revivals that swept the colonies in the 1740's

D. beginning of the colonial movement toward independence from Great Britain

E. growth of technology that contributed to increased industrialization in the early 1800's

C. wave of religious revivals that swept the colonies in the 1740's

The First Great Awakening led to all of the following EXCEPT

A. separatism and secession from established churches

B. the renewed persecution of witches

C. the growth of institutions of higher learning

D. a flourishing of the missionary spirit

E. a greater appreciation for the emotional experiences of faith

B. the renewed persecution of witches

The major purpose of England's mercantilist policy was to

A. protect the infant industries of England's young colonies

B. increase England's prosperity

C. discourage other European powers from colonizing North America

D. reduce the need for an overseas empire

E. open the Atlantic to free trade

B. increase England's prosperity

The introduction of tobacco during the early 1600s in the Virginia colony led to the

A. devastating period of disease called the starving time

B. use of indentured servants, and later enslaved Africans, for agricultural labor

C. concentration of settlers and farms into small village communities

D. emergence of peaceful and cooperative relationships with neighboring American Indian peoples

E. development of a diversified economy

B. use of indentured servants, and later enslaved Africans, for agricultural labor

"[In Virginia] the Negroes live in small cottages called quarters . . . under the direction of an overseer, who takes care that they tend such land as the owner allots and orders. . . . Their greatest hardship [is] consisting in that they and their posterity are not at their own liberty or disposal, but the property of their owners. . . . The children belong to the master of the woman that bears them. . . .

"[The] abundance of [the] English entertain . . . that they are all fools and beggars that live in any [other] country but theirs. This home fondness has been very prejudicial [harmful] to the common sort of English, and has in a great measure [slowed] the plantations from being stocked with such inhabitants as are skillful, industrious, and laborious. . . .

"These [English] servants are but an insignificant number, when compared with the vast shoals [mass] of Negroes who are employed as slaves there to do the har

D. producing sugar in the Caribbean

"[In Virginia] the Negroes live in small cottages called quarters . . . under the direction of an overseer, who takes care that they tend such land as the owner allots and orders. . . . Their greatest hardship [is] consisting in that they and their posterity are not at their own liberty or disposal, but the property of their owners. . . . The children belong to the master of the woman that bears them. . . .

"[The] abundance of [the] English entertain . . . that they are all fools and beggars that live in any [other] country but theirs. This home fondness has been very prejudicial [harmful] to the common sort of English, and has in a great measure [slowed] the plantations from being stocked with such inhabitants as are skillful, industrious, and laborious. . . .

"These [English] servants are but an insignificant number, when compared with the vast shoals [mass] of Negroes who are employed as slaves there to do the har

A. The hardening of racial divisions

"[In Virginia] the Negroes live in small cottages called quarters . . . under the direction of an overseer, who takes care that they tend such land as the owner allots and orders. . . . Their greatest hardship [is] consisting in that they and their posterity are not at their own liberty or disposal, but the property of their owners. . . . The children belong to the master of the woman that bears them. . . .

"[The] abundance of [the] English entertain . . . that they are all fools and beggars that live in any [other] country but theirs. This home fondness has been very prejudicial [harmful] to the common sort of English, and has in a great measure [slowed] the plantations from being stocked with such inhabitants as are skillful, industrious, and laborious. . . .

"These [English] servants are but an insignificant number, when compared with the vast shoals [mass] of Negroes who are employed as slaves there to do the har

A. relied on enslaved labor in cities

Which of the following was true of most Puritans who emigrated to seventeenth-century New England?

A. They had renounced the Church of England.

B. They rejected the authority of the English king.

C. They considered themselves non-Separatists.

D. They approved of the Crown's religious policy.

E. They intended to return eventually to England.

C. They considered themselves non-Separatists.

In 1735 the New York City trial of editor John Peter Zenger helped establish the principle that

A. the government had the right to punish its critics in times of war

B. legislators had no right to interfere with freedom of the press

C. an editor could not be punished for seditious libel if the editor's words were accurate

D. a defendant was entitled to a trial by jury

E. the government had no right to censor newspapers

C. an editor could not be punished for seditious libel if the editor's words were accurate