EEOB 2520 Human Physiology Midterm OSU (Exams 1-6)

Diffusion across the plasma membrane requires ____ but does not require ___

a gradient ; ATP

A typical cell is placed in a solution and immediately begins increasing in volume. therefore, the solution is _______ and an _______ is not created

Hypotonic ; osmotic pressure

Avalon develops a protocol for creating a solution that causes the cells placed within it to lose all of their ATP. Consequently, for cells placed in this solution, their sodium/potassium ATPase pumps COULD be open to the ____ and ______ WILL be able to enter the cells

cytosol ; glucose

Correct statements about the movement of compound X across the plasma membrane via protein Y:

-energy WAS NOT necessarily used

-X MIGHT have moved with its gradient

-protein Y COULD be an always open channel

-other compounds MIGHT have moved also

Correctly order of steps during a single cycle of the sodium/potassium ATPase pump

-sodium binds- ATP add Pi and E- reorient to ECF- sodium released- potassium binds- Pi and E released- reorients to ICF- potassium released- ADP created

Typically, an ion channel does not become overloaded and _________ does not require equation _____

facilitated diffusion; #1

During yesterday's lunch, you were discussing with your friends the wonders of physiology. To demonstrate

your newly acquired knowledge, you decide to determine if your beverage (0.5 L of 2 mol glucose, 1 mol

NaCl and 2 mol MgCl2) or your friend's beverage (1 L of 1 mol glucose, 2 mol HCl and 3 mol MgCl2) has a

higher osmolarity. After doing the calculations, you correctly state that your beverage's osmolarity is _______

higher

Two compounds are always moved during ________________ but only sometimes moved during

________________, regardless ATP is always used

secondary active transport; primary active transport

The sodium/potassium ATPase pump is a ________ that moves ______ into the ICF

counter transporter; two potassium

Insulin binds to receptors on our cells that cause more glucose transporters to be added to our cell

membranes. To cause more glucose transporters to be added to our cell membranes, we could add an ______

for the insulin receptor or increase the _____ of the receptor for insulin

agonist; affinity

The diffusion rate of compound X across the plasma membrane could be INCREASED if:

-the width of the membrane

was decreased

-polarity of X was changed from polar to nonpolar

- cell's membrane area was doubled

At a Norman, Oklahoma area restaurant tomorrow night, Brutus and his travelling Buckeye-faithful fans

will enjoy a wonderful dinner. Boomer and Sooner pulling the Sooner Schooner and leading a pack of

Sooner-faithful fans will not be allowed to enter the restaurant. Coach Meyer will arrive, give Boomer and

Sooner each a light ear scratch then enter the restaurant. If the restaurant and its surrounding area is similar

to two solutions and Coach Meyer is like water, correct statements about the scenario of Coach Meyer's

entrance are:

-the osmotic pressure IN the restaurant INCREASED

-the osmolarity WITHIN the restaurant is

HIGHER than the osmolarity OUTSIDE of it

Salmon hatch in freshwater but swim into saltwater to develop into adults. Correct statements about this

situation are: .

-the salmon swim from a HYPOtonic solution to a HYPERtonic solution

-as adults, the

salmon will need to pump LESS water out of their bodies

To INCREASE the response to an agonistic drug in a patient, you could increase the _____ of the drug's

receptor or increase the receptor's ______ for the drug

saturation; affinity

CORRECT statements about active transport are that:

-primary active transport ALWAYS requires energy but is NOT ALWAYS countertransport

-in secondary active transport, at least one solute ALWAYS follows its gradient.

Correct statements about diffusion are:

-it does NOT only occur through protein channels

-oxygen's

diffusion across the plasma membrane CAN be prevented

- if [X] is greater in area A than area B, X

MIGHT NOT move from A to B

While on her trip to Machu Picchu, Gabriella tried some new food. She really liked the stew made from cuy

cooked in a huatia but did not think it was better than her mother's bison stew. Correct statements about

Gabriella's taste in foods are that she had a ______ affinity for the cuy stew than the bison stew and her bowl

would become _____ quickly saturated with bison than cuy stew

lower; more

On an intergalactic trip over the summer, Allen found himself observing a water polo game gone badly

wrong in the hotel pool. One alien cut off all seven arms of its rival. However, a third alien quickly swam

over and ate all of the parts of the dismembered rival. Compared to the osmolarity of the pool before this

incident began, the first alien's actions ____ the pool's osmolarity and the third alien's actions

_______ the pool's osmolarity

increased; decreased

Afferent neurons receive stimuli with their ____ and are the least numerous of all the neurons

axon; least

Correct statements about the nervous system are:

-afferent neurons do not receive a signal in the PNS using their dendrites

- interneurons synapse with efferent neurons in the CNS

-afferent neurons do

not have all of their parts in the PNS

-afferent neurons use chemical synapses to communicate with

the interneurons

A typical cell at rest suddenly experiences a large outflux of chloride. The cell will become

depolarized

After an injury on your right arm, you have difficulty feeling your ring finger. Your doctor tells you that

he believes you injured the part of a set of neurons that are either _______ or _______

axons; cell bodies

For the creation of a complex with their receptor, ________ ligands could be present in the cytosol and hydrophobic

ligands could be present in the nucleus.

nonpolar; hydrophobic

A cell is more likely to proliferate if:

-a receptor in its nucleus is anabolized

-its receptors are allowed to

change shape

- its membrane-bound receptors are exocytosed

- adenylyl cyclase is activated.

Interneurons are the _______ neurons for efferent neurons and these synapses are in the _______

presynaptic; CNS

Correct statements about a G protein are:

- it does not interact with the ligand

-it cannot be an ion

channel

- it interacts with at least two other proteins

Avalon designed an experiment where she put a live cell into a solution containing a lot of a ligand that

binds to a G-protein-couple receptor. The impacts on this cell that will enhance this transduction pathway are:

-not increasing the G-protein's affinity for the ligand

-exocytosing the receptor

-activating the plasma

membrane effector protein

-decreasing the concentration of an antagonist in this solution.

The G protein _____ be an ion channel. It has one part that regularly associate with _____ other proteins

cannot; two

Correct pairings of glial cell with one of its general functions are:

-ependymal cells regulate the

boundary between the cerebrospinal fluid and the interstitial fluid

-astrocytes assist in regulating the

concentrations of key compounds around the neurons.

Pathogen X has been able to exit the plasma compartment and is present in the cerebrospinal fluid of the

patient. Correct statements about this scenario are:

-the patient will not have a significant increase in

the number of her immune cells exiting the blood

-the patient's microglial cells will lose their branches

and begin releasing chemicals

-the cells that maintain the cerebrospinal fluid glucose level are likely damaged in this patient

For a typical neuron, ______ are to a mailbox as ____ are to a mailman

dendrites; axons

While dipping your toes into Mirror Lake, you encounter a new organism that you quickly take to the

lab to study. You isolate a cell and determine that its resting Vm is -23 mV and it contains a high level of

a cation. Consequently, you correctly state that, if you could cause this cation's channel to open, then the

net movement of that cation would be :

not be able to be determined with the current data

Phosphorylation of at least one protein is always associated with:

all but when the receptor is a

chemically-gated channel

Correct statements about signal transduction pathways are:

-the polarity of the pathway is not an issue

for paracrines

-the cytokines of the immune system will most typically cause the activation of a JAK

kinase

On an intergalactic trip over the summer, Allen found an amazing weapon that eliminates all of the

membrane-bound receptors in the victim. Correct statements about the consequences to a human victim

of this weapon are:

-they would not lose their ability to transport any lipophilic compounds

- their

ability to change their membrane potential would be impacted.

The correctly ordered series of brain components based on historical existence is:

brainstem - cerebellum -

diencephalon (thalmus and hypothalamus) - cerebrum [note: forebrain would replace the last two]

A spinal cord is partially severed due to the crushing of a vertebra. The individual with this injury will have

more difficulty ______ than _________

walking; feeling heat

Correct statements about subthreshold potentials are:

-they are graded potentials

-require either cation or

anion movement

-will not result in an action potential

-will not all be of the same size/amplitude

Patient X has a catastrophic brain injury that requires the removal of his entire left cerebral cortex.

Consequently, he _____require his corpus callosum , will ________ a diminished ability to breathe, _______

require his cerebral white matter and ______have a diminished ability to see

will not ; not have; will; will

Correct statements about the cerebral cortex are:

-it is responsible for skeletal motor function

-the gray

matter consists of nuclei

-the inner layer is the white matter

-it is also known as the cerebrum

Correct matches of brain area and function are:

cerebellum - balance, thalamus - crude sensation, cerebrum- perception, and brainstem - digestion

Chemistry Teacher Craig is close to being pushed to the breaking point (like having an action potential

occur) by students asking questions in advance of his first large examination. Correct statements about

Craig's breaking point are:

-if three students asked him questions simultaneously, he might reach it due

to spatial summation

-if one student asked him three questions quickly, he might reach it due to temporal

summation

-to avoid reaching it, he might hyperpolarize himself prior to arriving in the classroom

-having the students be deficient of calcium could help him avoid it.

While attempting some morning yoga at Machu Picchu, Omar lost his balance and bumped his elbow quite

hard. The pain he felt first went through the ________ of his ______ matter in his spinal cord.

dorsal root; white

A nurse observes that her patient has a fever (core body temperature of 100◦

F), is not sweating and does not

feel hot when she touches his arm. She correctly concludes that the patient is having problems with his _______

hypothalamus.

The basal nuclei is a part of the forebrain and it is a ____ recent part of the brain than the thalamus.

more

Because of the heavy loss dropped on his foot last weekend by Iowa, the Scarlet Night required a minor

surgery to ensure that he would be ready Saturday in the Shoe. Correct statements about how the doctor's

helped him avoid the pain of the surgery are:

-use an anesthetic that hyperpolarizes the axons of the

neurons associated with sensation in that foot

- use an anesthetic that blocks the sodium channels in that foot

-a drug that causes the Schwann cells to temporarily expand their coverage over the nodes

A typical and normally healthy physiology student develops a headache and drinks a large glass of water to

eliminate the headache. Correct statements about this activity are:

-prior to the ingestion of the water,

the student's ventricles did not have enough fluid within them

-o accomplish the drinking, the student's

brainstem, cerebellum and cerebrum were required

-the efferent neurons that controlled the student's

muscles, came from the ventral part of the spine.

In an action potential, the voltage-gated sodium channels will ____ open the entire time that depolarization is

occurring and repolarization is occurring while the cell is more______ on its inside

be; positive

Avalon developed a new anesthetic that she will call "avalocaine." It works by blocking the potassium

channels on the interstitial-fluid side. Correct statements about an area impacted by avalocaine are:

- both the voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels will open due to a threshold potential

-the second action potential in the area will not be able to occur

During the propagation of an action potential through your right forearm, the signal will move ______ if the

axon is myelinated, when moving along a myelinated axon, the signal strength is periodically _______,

and_______ conduction is occurring between the Schwann cells.

faster; decreasing; saltatory

The arrangement of our spinal cord is not random but was selected because it favored survival. Considering

the other possible arrangement, if the ______ axons were moved to the ______ position, we would lose

________ as a result of a wound to the back that did not completely severe the cord.

efferent; dorsal; movement

Correct statements about ion activity at the nodes of Ranvier are

-they would move through ion channels

more easily there than in myelinated areas

-adding myelin to the nodes would decrease the conduction velocity along the axon

As the overlap of receptive fields _____ , the ability to localize in that area will_____

increases; increase

A postsynaptic axons can be in the ______ and a postganglionic axon can be in the ________

CNS or PNS; PNS only.

A new virus is identified that triples the size of an individual's blind spot as a direct expansion of the

original blind spot (i.e., is NOT caused by anything different than the normal blind spot). As a result of this

virus, the individual's number of _______ neurons will increase and the individual's field of vision will ________

.

afferent; remain the same

The correct first to last ordering (immediately adjacent not required) for the parts of the eye that entering

light hits is:

cornea - lens - afferents - cones/cones - optic nerve

The drug atropine reduces parasympathetic effects. Correct physiological consequences of using this

drug are:

increased heart rate, pupil dilation, bronchiole dilation, and decreased digestion

If all the axons of a person's preganglionic neurons were the same length, then those neuron's use of _______ would _______ the communication process.

only acetylcholine; confuse

Correct statements about the somatosensory system are:

- it does not utilize receptor cells before the

afferent neurons

- it is not a component of the proprioception system

-its input is spatially organized in the

cerebrum

- it will be able to detect some pressure waves in the air.

An individual's plasma sodium level is instantaneously doubled. The receptors that would respond to

this change would be the ________ and __________

chemoreceptors; osmoreceptors

On an intergalactic trip over the summer, Allen was startled by and then quickly ran away from a super

scary, large alien creature. Correct statements about Allen's physiology during his run are:

-his pupils

were dilated

-his recent meal went undigested

-his bronchioles relaxed

-and acetylcholine is being used

to impact his heart

Correct statements about afferent neurons are that they:

-take sensory information to the CNS

-might not

directly encounter the stimulus

-have different sized receptive fields

-will inhibit other afferent neurons

The drug methamphetamine blocks the degradation of dopamine and norepinephrine. Correct

physiological consequences of using this drug are:

-over-stimulation of some biogenic amine paths

-problems with endocrine regulation

- increase in the sympathetic response

A group of Hoosiers attempted to maintain their team's luck by purchasing crimson and cream scarves to

wear in the Shoe during Saturday's game. Unfortunately, they realized when trying out the scarves that

they were very scratchy and annoying. But they persevered and wore the scarves. At half time, Brutus

noticed them all looking around by their feet. They told him they were looking for their scarves. He

correctly told them that the scarves were still around their necks but they were not feeling them anymore

because

-some of their efferent neurons were hyperpolarizing their neck's somatosensory afferent neurons

-their somatosensory afferent neurons were not fatigued and creating lower action potential frequencies

The disease Myasthenia Gravis leads to drooping eyelids. It is cause by a deficit of acetylcholine in the

PNS. The drug that would be the better treatment would be neostigmine - an acetylcholinesterase

inhibitor that _______ cross the blood-brain barrier.

cannot

Tyrosine is critical for the body to make epinephrine and other messengers similar to epi.

Phenylketonuria is a metabolic disorder that reduces the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine. A

patient with phenylketonuria will likely have her synthesis of ______, ____________, and ________________ negatively impacted.

-epinephrine;

-dopamine;

-some of the

neurotransmitters for the sympathetic nervous system

Cognition and behavior is to __________ as endocrine regulation is to _______ or ____________

acetylcholine; biogenic amines; hypothalamus

For her latest experiment, Avalon recruited Melanie and Amina to be her subjects. Avalon took two

sharp pencils and lightly poked the backs of Melanie and Amina's necks. Melanie stated that she felt

only one poke while Amina stated that she felt two pokes. Correct statements that Avalon concluded

from her experiment are:

-Amina's receptive fields are smaller than Melanie's fields

-Melanie's afferent neurons in her neck will experience less convergence than Amina's afferent

The presence of cholesterol causes the plasma membrane to be a better barrier against the movement of _____________

compounds and makes the plasma membrane _______ difficult to deform (i.e., change its shape).

small hydrophilic; more

Neither intracellular fluid nor extracellular fluid movement is allowed by tight junctions that are created

by __________

claudins.

The phospholipid bilayer separates peripheral proteins, the cytosol and mitochodria from the: (3 things)

glycocalyx, interstitial fluid and the collagen

For our bodies, correct listings of a type of protein first, then a compound containing many sugars, and

finally an amphipathic compound are :

an anchor, extracellular matrix, integral protein or a channel,

glycocalyx, transmembrane or a peripheral protein, glycocalyx, cholesterol.

Glycolysis does not create the final product of NADH when:

-lactate is being created

-Krebs cycle is not

working

-the conditions are anaerobic

Correct statements about glycolysis are:

-it is independent of oxygen to create ATP,

-it is the catabolism of sugars,

- it does not produce H2O and

-it occurs in the cytosol

The plasma membrane separates the ______fluid compartment from the __________ sized fluid

compartment

largest, intermediate-

Desmosomes __________ signals to be moved directly from one cytosol to another and allow signals to

move from one side of the pair of cells to the other side of them

do not allow; allow

Free radicals are oxidizers that:

remove electrons to/from other molecules

Hydrophobic is to nonpolar as hydrophilic is to polar or hydrophobic is to polar as hydrophilic is to

nonpolar

In the plasma membrane, the tail area limits the movement of _______ compounds.

hydrophilic

On an intergalactic trip over the summer, Allen literally ran into an alien who, consequently, hit Allen

with its weapon. As a result of the encounter, the alien instantly eliminated all of the blood vessels within

Allen. After experiencing this alteration, Allen would now have his _______ fluid as the largest fluid

compartment.

intracellular

Correct statements about the plasma membrane are:

-cholesterol interacts with the integral proteins,

-peripheral proteins are not typically transmembrane,

- the phospholipids have polar heads and

-the glycocalyx can be attached to a phospholipid

A problem producing claudins by epithelial cells could lead to ________- pathogen entry and _______

water production

increased; decreased

Correct statements about molecular bonds are:

-hydrogen bonds only exist between lipophobic compounds

-ionic bonding is weak within a hydrophilic solution

During her flight back from Machu Picchu, Gabriela passed some of the time developing statements

about the relationship between glycolysis and Krebs cycle. Correct statements about those two that

Gabriela develop are:

-Krebs cycle can produce ATPs from more sources than glycolysis can

-they both make the same number of ATPs via the same method.

The process of Krebs cycle and electron transport chain both occur in the miyochondria and uses oxygen ______ and ________, respectively

mitochondria; indirectly and directly

Brutus and Coach Meyer are friends; they often spend a lot of time together. Brutus and Captain Cane are

not friends; they rarely even stand near each other during a game. Correct statements about these three

individuals are:

-Brutus and Coach Meyer could both be hydrophilic

-Captain Cane most likely is

not amphipathic

The meshwork of the extracellular matrix is created by _______and held together by __________

fibroblasts; fibronectin

As compared to gap junctions, tunneling nanotubes have the communicating cells _________ and can

have messengers

further apar, larger

Each major category of cells is proteomically ______ from the other categories and new cells in a

category are created by _______

different; mitosis

Student Sandoval is on a strict diet. He must eat a specific amount of proteins and carbs at exact times of

the day (0600, 1200, 1900). Consequently, his insulin levels consistently spike and blood glucose levels

crash just prior to each of his mealtimes. This situation is best described as being ____________

feedforward.

Correct statements about the extracellular matrix (ECM) are:.

-collagen is the most common type of

fiber present

-it consists of a mixture of proteins located outside of the cells

-elastin allows for further

separation of two cells than collagen would allow

-two cells tied together by an ECM protein will beable to move relative to each other

Epithelial cells are found in association with our lungs but not our heart

During the reflex arc, when the integration center determines that the parameter IS at set point, we know

that the parameter______ changed and the efferent pathway_________ used.

might have; will not be

We can correctly combine paracrines and neurotransmitters because they both travel short distances, unlike

the endocrines. We can correctly combine neurotransmitters and endocrines because they both have fewer

possible release sources, unlike the paracrines.

On an intergalactic trip over the summer, Allen literally ran into an alien who, consequently, hit Allen

with its weapon. As a result of the encounter, Allen's DNA was altered. Correct statements about this

encounter are that Allen more likely adapted than acclimated and a feedforward process was not involved

Today, Avalon decided to shake hands with several students. Unbeknownst to Dr. Bronson, she also used

that handshake to let them the answers to the first three questions. This situation would be best described

as

direct and juxtacrine communication

Correct statements about biorhythms are that your change in weight in the autumn and spring is not a

lunar rhythm and feedforward, adaptation and acclimatization are all required components of a biorhy

Correct statements about set points are that they are ranges that can change and they are not synonymous

with steady state

While on her trip to Machu Picchu, Gabriella met a fellow traveler who was a biomedical engineer. His

recent project was to create an artificial eye to be used in patients with irreparable eye damage. The

artificial eye has a very large pupil that does not change size (his next project) and has the photonsensitive

structures on its outer surface with wires behind them that connect to the patient's own optic

nerve. A patient who receives this artificial eye

will no longer have a blind spot and will have difficulty reading small text

Correct statements about the sensory system is that:

-a larger graded potential will not cause larger action

potentials

- the number of neurotransmitters in the brain is translated into the level of intensity

-afferent neurons associated with a receptor cell will send the message slower than if they worked alone.