American Political Ideologies and Beliefs

Political socialization

The process by which individuals develop their political beliefs and opinions.

Main agents of political socialization

Family, education, peers, media, religion, and civic institutions.

Family influence on political beliefs

Family is often the strongest influence, especially in early years.

Political ideology

A coherent set of beliefs about politics, public policy, and the role of government.

Characteristics of a liberal ideology

Support for government regulation of the economy, social programs, and individual rights.

Characteristics of a conservative ideology

Support for limited government, free markets, traditional values, and a strong national defense.

Characteristics of a libertarian ideology

Favors minimal government intervention in both economic and social matters.

Generational effect

Political views are influenced by the time period in which a person grows up.

Lifecycle effect

Changes in political beliefs that occur as people age and experience different life events.

Difference between political culture and political ideology

Political culture is a shared set of values; ideology is a personal belief system.

Individualism in American political culture

The belief in personal responsibility and minimal government interference.

Free enterprise

An economic system based on private ownership and competition with limited government regulation.

Limited government

A principle that government should be restricted to its core functions and powers.

Rule of law

The idea that all people and institutions are subject to and accountable under the law.

Public opinion

The collective attitudes and beliefs of individuals on political issues.

Benchmark poll

A poll taken early in a campaign to gauge support for a candidate.

Tracking poll

A poll repeated periodically with the same group to measure changes in opinion.

Entrance poll

A poll taken before voters enter polling stations, used to predict outcomes.

Exit poll

A survey taken at polling places after voters have cast their ballots.

Random sample in polling

Each person in the population has an equal chance of being selected.

Sampling error (margin of error)

The level of confidence in the findings of a poll; smaller errors mean more accuracy.

Push poll

A biased poll intended to influence respondents under the guise of legitimate polling.

Liberals view on economic policy

Support more government regulation, higher taxes on the wealthy, and social welfare programs.

Conservatives view on economic policy

Prefer lower taxes, free markets, and less regulation of businesses.

Liberals view on social policy

Support protection of individual rights, affirmative action, and more government involvement in equality issues.

Conservatives view on social policy

Support traditional values, limited government role in social welfare, and personal responsibility.

Libertarians view on economic and social policy

Support minimal government intervention in both; favor personal and economic freedom.

Fiscal policy

Government policy related to taxation and spending.

Monetary policy

Policy managed by the Federal Reserve that controls the money supply and interest rates.

Political ideology influence on voting

It shapes party identification and policy preferences.

Education level effect on political ideology

Higher education levels tend to be associated with more liberal or moderate views, depending on context.