Module 10: Genetic Engineering

These flashcards cover foundational biotechnology terms and processes, including genetic engineering techniques, key molecular tools, and real-world applications.

What is a plasmid?

A small circular piece of DNA found in bacteria and commonly used as a vector in genetic engineering.

What is a genetically modified organism (GMO)?

An organism whose DNA has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.

What is a transgenic organism?

An organism that carries and expresses genes originally from another species.

What is a restriction enzyme?

A protein that recognizes specific DNA sequences and cuts the DNA at or near those sites.

What is PCR (polymerase chain reaction)?

A laboratory method used to amplify a targeted segment of DNA, producing millions of copies.

What is a stem cell?

An undifferentiated cell capable of giving rise to various specialized cell types.

What is gene therapy?

A medical approach that treats or prevents disease by introducing, removing, or altering genes within a patient’s cells.

What is therapeutic cloning?

The creation of cloned embryos for the purpose of harvesting stem cells for medical treatment rather than for reproductive cloning.

How do scientists genetically engineer an organism?

By inserting a desired gene into a plasmid vector, introducing that plasmid into the host organism, and allowing the organism to express the new gene.

How has genetic engineering affected agriculture and medicine?

It has produced herbicide-resistant crops, increased yields, enabled new vaccines, and advanced gene-therapy treatments.

What is DNA fingerprinting used for?

Identifying individuals for forensic analysis, paternity testing, and crime scene investigations.