Medicinal Botany Exam 1

composition of cell walls

glucose monomers form a network of cellulose microfibril

cellulose synthase

synthesizes cellulose

primary cell wall

formed first right outside of the plasma membrane and primary made of cellulose, it is the thinner and weaker wall made of both cellulose and lignin.

secondary cell wall

formed after cell stops growing, pushes itself between first wall and plasma membrane. the thicker and stronger wall

lignin

concrete filling between cellulose and microfibrils

plasmodesmata

openings connecting to adjacent cells, allow for quick communication and transport

middle lamella

the “glue” that holds cells together and helps the plant hold on to water. composed of pectins

turgor pressure

the pressure that is put on a cell wall

turgid/ hypotonic solution

fewer solutes in the solution compared to inside of the cell. water crosses plasma membrane and goes into cell to balance water: solute concentration

isotonic solution/ flaccid

equal concentration of solutes inside and outside of cell so water moves in and out equally. droopy plant

hypertonic solution/ plasmolyzed

more solutes in the solution outside of the cell than inside the cell so water is actively leaving the cell. results in plasma membrane ripping away from the cell wall.

Chloroplasts (structure)

three membranes: inner, outer and thylakoid

chloroplasts (function)

photosynthesis. in the thylakoid membrane there is chlorophyll a pigment molecule that reflect green light,. responsible for making plants green

chromoplasts

holds pigment molecules responsible for giving plants their color

leucoplasts

stores starch, how plats store their sugars

vacuole (function)

storage for the cell

phytochemicals

used for the plant’s defense and stores in the plant’s vacuole in a non toxic form

calcium oxalate crystals

druses, raphides. sharp crystals inside of plants for defenses

chlorophyll

is the primary pigment in plants and has the primary responsibility of executing photosynthesis. reflects green light

what synthesizes chlorophyll

succinyl-coA and Glycine

Carotenoids

accessory pigments that absorb other wavelengths of light lessening damage on the plant. helps attract pollinators as well as added defense for plants

carotene

a carotenoid. reflects orange light and is found in carrots.

lycopene

a carotenoid. reflects red light and found in tomatoes

lutein

a carotenoid. reflects yellow light and found in lemons, bananas, corn etc.

Anthocyanins

a carotenoid. reflects blue, red or purple light. found in onions. may improve night vision and protect against heart disease

Betalins

a carotenoid. reflects yellow or red and synthesized from tyrosine. found in beets. is an anti-oxidant and may protect against various cancers and heart disease

apical maristems

the tips of shoots and roots. it is an area of growth, lengthens the plant

lateral meristems

in the form of a ring they are in the stems and roots of a plant. they widen the plant.

Parenchyma Cells

alive at maturity, these cells are metabolically active so they are involved with photosynthesis, mitosis and cellular respiration.

Collenchyma Cells

semi-alive at maturity, these cells are structural support cells with an only and thicker cell wall.

Sclerenchyma Cells

alive when younger and dead when reached maturity, these cells have very thick primary and secondary cell walls and no organelles. just used for transport

Dermal Tissue

skin of the plant

Vascular Tissue

the veins of the plant, used for transport

Ground Tissue

most of the plant, gas exchange, photosynthesis and structural cells are here

identify the leaf morphology

pinnately lobed leaf

identify the leaf morphology

pinnately compound leaves

identify the leaf morphology

palmately lobed leaves

identify the leaf morphology

palmately compound leaf

identify the leaf morphology

modified leaves

Lower and Upper Epidermis

• 1-2 cell layers thick

• produces the cuticle

cuticle

waxy substance produced by the epidermis. coats leaves to act as a defense mechanism as well as helps prevent water loss

stomata

two guard cells that open and close allowing for the leaf to participate in gas exchange between the leaf and the atmosphere.

what is a potential downside to the function of the stomata?

when it is open, it allows for water to escape so it is a tightly regulated process that depends on the water level of the guard cells.

Palisade parenchyma

columnal cells that are photosynthetic

Spongy parenchyma

• photosynthetic cells

• rounded cells with air gaps that provide a humid environment that transitions incoming CO2 from gas to liquid

Veins

composed of the xylem and phloem.

xylem

transports water and minerals from the soil up to the plant

phloem

transports sugars from “source” (high amt) to “sink” (low amt)

terminal buds

buds at the very tip of the stem

internode

spaces between nodes

node

location where anything is coming off of the stem

stolons

above ground stems that grow along the soil surface. leaves grow at the nodes from roots that dig into the soil

• strawberries

rhizome

below ground stems that root at the nodes and send up leaves to the surface. above ground they look like different plants

• iris

corm

dense and hard on the inside, made up of stem tissue. bulbs

• crocus

thorn

composed of leaf and stem tissue

• gleditsia

tubers

rhizomes that are modified for storage of starch

• potatoes

cladode

stem tissue, thorns are leaf tissue

• cactus fruit

tendrils

made up of stem tissue or leaf tissue

• climbing plants

pith

inner portion of the stem, can be empty or filed with cells

vascular bundle

includes the xylem and phloem

• xylem is closer to the middle and the phloem is more on the outside

tap root

large primary root that goes deep into the soil to access water and minerals

Fibrous Root/ Adventious Root

secondary roots that stay near the surface to access water and minerals art the soil surface

identify the modified stem and give an example

stolon, strawberries

identify the modified stem and give an example

rhizome, iris

identify the modified stem and give an example

corm, crocus

identify the modified stem and give an example

tuber, potatoes

identify the modified stem and give an example

thorn, gleditsia

identify the modified stem and give an example

cladode, cactus fruit

identify the modified stem and give an example

tendrils, vines and other climbing plants

tuberous roots

modified roots for storage of starch

identify the root

tuberous

prop roots

roots that grow out of the soil to help prop the plant up/ anchor it down

identify the roots

prop roots

pneumatophores

“knee” roots that come up out of the ground to breathe in wetland areas for gas exchange

identify the root

pneumatophores

what organism forms a symbiotic relationship with legumes? what is the reasoning for this relationship?

legumes gives rhizobium bacteria sugars to live, rhizobium gives the plant nitrogen

how do ants form symbiotic relationships with the myrmecodia plant?

ants dig tunnels into the roots of the plant providing them a home and in return the ants will defend the plant when attacked

describe the apoplastic route

water and minerals from the soil go into the root hair and travel between cell walls ONLY until they reach the endodermis. Water and nutrients are unable to pass through the casparian strip so water is forced into the cell

casparian strip

a structure in the cell wall that is impermeable to water. acts as a filter

describe the symplastic route

water and nutrients go right into the root hair, crosses the plasma membrane immediately and goes into the cell

carpels

female whorl, produces the eggs

stamens

male whorl, produces the sperm

petals

neither male or female, sterile whorl who’s job is to attract pollinators

sepals

leaf looking parts that are at the base of the flower

identify the plant anatomy

1. carpels

2. stamens

3. petals

4. sepals

identify the plant anatomy

1. stamen

   • anthers

   • filament

2. carpel

   • stigma

   • style

   • ovary

define a dehiscent fruit

fruits that open up when they’re mature to release their seeds

identify the characteristics of follicle fruits

open at maturity to release seeds and only have one carpel and one suture

identify the characteristics of legume fruits

from the bean and pea family. Only has one carpel but two sutures

identify the characteristics of Capsule fruits. give an example

has more than one carpel and more than one suture. these fruits can open many different ways

• ex. poppy

what is an indehiscent fruit?

fruits that when at maturity, they do NOT open up to reveal their seeds

define achene fruits, give an example

• dry, indehiscent fruit

• only have one seed, thin pericarp and the seed moves freely from the pericarp

• sunflower seeds

define samara fruits, give an example

• dry, indehiscent fruit

• 1 seeded with thin pericarp that is winged

• “helicopters” off of maple trees

define a caryopsis/ Grain fruit. Give an example

• dry, indehiscent fruit

• 1 seeded, thin pericarp and the seed is FUSED to the pericarp

• corn kernel

define nuts as a fruit, give an example

• dry, indehiscent fruit

• 1 seeded, pericarp is thin and stony, often has husks and bracts

• ex. acorns, walnut

define schizocarps, give an example

• dry, indehiscent fruit

• Any fruit that splits into 2 or more subunits

describe/ define berry fruits, give an example

• simple, fleshy fruit

• has 1 to several seeds

• mesocarp fleshy

describe/define hesperidium fruits, give an example

• simple fleshy fruit

• specialized berry with a leathery rind and oil glands on the outer surface

• all citrus fruits

define/ describe Pepo fruits, give an example

• simple, fleshy fruit

• specialized berry with a hard rind

• squash and melon family

define/ describe drupe fruits, give an example

• simple, fleshy fruits

• specialized berry that has a hard and stony endocarp

• has 1 to several seeds

• peaches, coconuts