Medicinal Botany Exam 1

composition of cell walls

glucose monomers form a network of cellulose microfibril

cellulose synthase

synthesizes cellulose

primary cell wall

formed first right outside of the plasma membrane and primary made of cellulose, it is the thinner and weaker wall made of both cellulose and lignin.

secondary cell wall

formed after cell stops growing, pushes itself between first wall and plasma membrane. the thicker and stronger wall

lignin

concrete filling between cellulose and microfibrils

plasmodesmata

openings connecting to adjacent cells, allow for quick communication and transport

middle lamella

the “glue” that holds cells together and helps the plant hold on to water. composed of pectins

turgor pressure

the pressure that is put on a cell wall

turgid/ hypotonic solution

fewer solutes in the solution compared to inside of the cell. water crosses plasma membrane and goes into cell to balance water: solute concentration

isotonic solution/ flaccid

equal concentration of solutes inside and outside of cell so water moves in and out equally. droopy plant

hypertonic solution/ plasmolyzed

more solutes in the solution outside of the cell than inside the cell so water is actively leaving the cell. results in plasma membrane ripping away from the cell wall.

Chloroplasts (structure)

three membranes: inner, outer and thylakoid

chloroplasts (function)

photosynthesis. in the thylakoid membrane there is chlorophyll a pigment molecule that reflect green light,. responsible for making plants green

chromoplasts

holds pigment molecules responsible for giving plants their color

leucoplasts

stores starch, how plats store their sugars

vacuole (function)

storage for the cell

phytochemicals

used for the plant’s defense and stores in the plant’s vacuole in a non toxic form

calcium oxalate crystals

druses, raphides. sharp crystals inside of plants for defenses

chlorophyll

is the primary pigment in plants and has the primary responsibility of executing photosynthesis. reflects green light

what synthesizes chlorophyll

succinyl-coA and Glycine

Carotenoids

accessory pigments that absorb other wavelengths of light lessening damage on the plant. helps attract pollinators as well as added defense for plants

carotene

a carotenoid. reflects orange light and is found in carrots.

lycopene

a carotenoid. reflects red light and found in tomatoes

lutein

a carotenoid. reflects yellow light and found in lemons, bananas, corn etc.

Anthocyanins

a carotenoid. reflects blue, red or purple light. found in onions. may improve night vision and protect against heart disease

Betalins

a carotenoid. reflects yellow or red and synthesized from tyrosine. found in beets. is an anti-oxidant and may protect against various cancers and heart disease

apical maristems

the tips of shoots and roots. it is an area of growth, lengthens the plant

lateral meristems

in the form of a ring they are in the stems and roots of a plant. they widen the plant.

Parenchyma Cells

alive at maturity, these cells are metabolically active so they are involved with photosynthesis, mitosis and cellular respiration.

Collenchyma Cells

semi-alive at maturity, these cells are structural support cells with an only and thicker cell wall.

Sclerenchyma Cells

alive when younger and dead when reached maturity, these cells have very thick primary and secondary cell walls and no organelles. just used for transport

Dermal Tissue

skin of the plant

Vascular Tissue

the veins of the plant, used for transport

Ground Tissue

most of the plant, gas exchange, photosynthesis and structural cells are here

identify the leaf morphology

pinnately lobed leaf

identify the leaf morphology

pinnately compound leaves

identify the leaf morphology

palmately lobed leaves

identify the leaf morphology

palmately compound leaf

identify the leaf morphology

modified leaves