PCT Chapter 1/2/3 Review

atria

____ are upper or superior chambers of the heart

cardiac cycle

When all 4 heart valves are operating correctly, the valves should open and close completely once each __

heart septal flaw

The purpose of the ____ is to prevent the blood from mixing

Atrioventricular Node

When the sinoatrial node isn’t working the backup node is called the ___

Pulmonic valve

___ holds blood in right ventricle until contraction

create synchronized reactions

Intercalated discs allow cardiac muscle to ___

myocardia

Middle layer of heart wall composed of ___ tissue

papillary muscles

Within the heart, what type of muscle holds the tricuspid and bicuspid valves in place

electrical pulse

The process of creating an ____ can only occur in the pacemaker

pulmonary artery

What artery carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs from the right ventricle

pulmonary circulation

Which of the following represents the blood flow between the heart and the lungs

vasoconstriction

Which of the following decreases blood flow and heart rate

cardiac contractions

Cardiomyocytes consist of cardiac working cells responsible for

moving and controlling fluids through the blood vessels

Smooth muscle cells are found in blood vessels and provide which of the following functions

capillaries

Which of the following are thin and fragile blood vessels

pericardial fluid

What plays an important role in preventing friction during the normal movement of the heart during the contractions

diaphoresis

Excessive perspiration is usually not normal and is called

16

Normal breathing is approximately 12-20 respirations per minute in an adult

tachycardia

High blood potassium called hyperkalemia can cause which of the following

diabetes

What is the most common disease associated to autonomic nerve damage or autonomic nerve failure

regulate metabolism

What is the primary function of the thyroid gland

COPD

Which of the following is a progressive lung disease that worsens over time preventing a person from being able to breathe because of damage to the alveoli or thickening of the bronchi

Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)

What hormone is secreted from the ventricles of the heart when the heart is under increased pressure and stress

thrombotic stroke

Fatty deposits also called plaque and cholesterol can cause the arteries that lead to the brain to become blocked

sympathetic nervous system

What system is often referred to as the heart’s fight or flight response

carbon dioxide

Which of the following is considered a waste product of the body

protein in the urine

One early warning sign that a diabetic patient presents with

60-70%

The human body is composed of what percentage of water

metabolism

Through ___, all the hormones in the body are regulated

calcium

Kidney stones are often the result of the kidneys inability to absorb

homeostasis

What is the process of stabilizing the body’s internal environment so that all the body's organs work optimally

control breathing

What is the diaphragm's main purpose

evaporation

Which of the following is the only physiological way the body can lose heat

sinoatrial node

Which of the following is considered the heart’s primary pacemaker

systole

What is the contraction phase in the heartbeat called

excitability

Which of the following is referred to as irritability of the cardiac cells because the cells are responding to stimulus

accept and slow the electrical impulse from the SA node

What is the function of the AV node

hypertension

Not having enough cardiac output can attribute to

bachmann's bundle

Which of the following is a subdivision of the anterior nodal pathway and is the electrical impulse that travels to the left atrium

polarization

Which of the following is the first of three electrical changes the myocardial cells experience

Automaticity

___ is the pacemaker cardiac cells ability to spontaneously generate an electrical impulse without outside stimulation or stimulation by the nervous system

65-85%

In normally functioning hearts, what percentage of the blood leaving the atria is dumped freely into the ventricles

glucose

Where does the main source of brain energy come from

thorel’s pathway

What internodal pathway leaves the SA node and travels through the right atrial muscle posteriorly towards the AV node

vagus nerve

Which of the following is the primary connector between the brain and the heart

calcium

In the heart, what plays a role in generating impulses and mediating the heart’s pacemaker function

cardiac output

What is measured by multiplying the heart rate by the stroke volume

contractility

Which of the following is often referred to as the rhythmic cardiac cell function because the myocardial cells produce a heartbeat in response to electrical stimulus created by the pacemaker cardiac cells

systolic blood pressure

What reflects the highest resistance or maximum pressure when the heart contracts

negative

In the cardiac cells resting state, the electrolytes within the cell carry what type of charge