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Cerebrum
The part of the brain responsible for complex intellectual functions, including thought, memory, and voluntary muscle control.
Gyri
Ridges on the outer surface of the brain.
Sulci
Depressions between ridges on the surface of the brain.
Fissures
Deep sulci in the brain.
Diencephalon
Part of the brain that includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.
Brainstem
The part of the brain that connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord.
Cerebellum
The region of the brain that coordinates voluntary movements and balance.
Frontal lobe
The part of the cerebrum located at the anterior, responsible for motor control, concentration, and personality.
Parietal lobe
The part of the cerebrum serving general sensory functions, located in the superoposterior part of the brain.
Temporal lobe
The portion of the brain located inferior to the lateral sulcus involved in hearing and smell.
Occipital lobe
The posterior part of the cerebrum responsible for vision and visual memories.
Insula
A small lobe deep to the temporal lobe, involved in memory and taste.
Corpus callosum
The largest tract of white matter connecting the left and right cerebral hemispheres.
Broca's area
The motor speech area located in the inferolateral portion of the left frontal lobe.
Primary somatosensory cortex
Located in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe, it receives sensory information from the body.
Sensory homunculus
A distorted representation of the body based on the amount of sensory information collected from body regions.
Primary visual cortex
Located in the occipital lobe, it processes visual information.
Cerebellar peduncles
Three pairs of thick nerve tracts connecting the cerebellum to the brainstem.
Medulla oblongata
The inferior portion of the brainstem that regulates autonomic functions like heart rate and breathing.
Cranial meninges
Three connective tissue layers (pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater) that protect the brain.
Blood-brain barrier
A selective permeability barrier that protects the brain from harmful substances.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Clear, colorless liquid surrounding the CNS that provides buoyancy, protection, and environmental stability.
Ventricles
Cavities within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid.
Thalamus
A mass of gray matter that relays signals from all conscious senses except olfaction.
Hypothalamus
Functions in autonomic control, endocrine system regulation, and emotional behavior.
Amygdala
Part of the limbic system involved in emotion regulation, particularly fear.
Cerebral nuclei
Gray matter deep in the cerebrum that helps regulate motor output.
Parkinson's disease
A degenerative disorder of the central nervous system characterized by tremors and rigidity, caused by decreased dopamine production.
Huntington's disease
A hereditary disease affecting cerebral nuclei that leads to involuntary movements and intellectual deterioration.
Epilepsy
A neurological disorder where neurons transmit action potentials excessively rapidly.
Concussion
A mild traumatic brain injury that may cause temporary loss of consciousness and confusion.
Meningitis
Inflammation of the meninges, typically caused by viral or bacterial infection.
Neural tube defects
Developmental deformities of the brain and spinal cord, such as anencephaly and spina bifida.
Dural septa
Partitions formed by extensions of the dura mater that provide support within the cranial cavity.
Cognition
Mental processes involved in awareness, knowledge, memory, and perception.
Memory consolidation
The process of transferring information from short-term to long-term memory.
Aphasia
Difficulty in understanding or producing speech, often due to brain injury.
Apraxia
A motor disorder where a person cannot execute planned movements despite knowing how to.
Dyslexia
A learning disability characterized by difficulty in reading and writing.
Cerebral lateralization
Functional differences between the left and right cerebral hemispheres.
Alzheimer's disease
A progressive neurological disorder characterized by memory loss, changes in mood, and cognitive decline.
Neurogenesis
The process of forming new neurons.
Visual association area
Integrates and interprets visual information, allowing identification of objects.
Pain perception
The process by which sensory information related to pain is processed and interpreted by the brain.
Proprioception
The sense of body position and movement.
Limbic system
The area of the brain involved in emotions and memory.
Reticular formation
Loosely organized gray matter in the brainstem involved in alertness and reflexes.
Hypothalamic nuclei
Small groups of cells in the hypothalamus that control various autonomic functions.
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
A test used to evaluate brain activity by recording electrical activity.
Sleep stages
Distinct phases of sleep characterized by different patterns of brain activity.
Anesthesia
A medical state involving loss of sensation, often used during surgical procedures.
Neurotransmission
The process of communication between neurons through synapses.
Clinical View
An application of theoretical knowledge to real-world clinical scenarios.
Cognitive impairment
A reduction in cognitive function affecting memory, thinking, and reasoning.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
Acute brain damage caused by external force.
Spinal cord
The part of the central nervous system that conducts signals to and from the brain.
Cranial nerves
Twelve pairs of nerves originating in the brain and controlling various functions.
Somatic nervous system
The part of the peripheral nervous system associated with voluntary control of body movements.
Autonomic nervous system
The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary bodily functions.
Motor cortex
The area of the brain responsible for planning, controlling, and executing voluntary movements.
Sensory cortex
The area of the brain that processes sensory information from the body.
Neuroplasticity
The brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections.
Cerebellar cortex
The outer layer of the cerebellum, involved in regulating motor control.
Cognitive neuroscience
The study of brain mechanisms underlying cognition.
Central nervous system (CNS)
The part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
The part of the nervous system that consists of all the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord.
Neurons
Basic working units of the nervous system that transmit information.
Glial cells
Supportive cells in the nervous system that help protect and maintain neurons.
Acetylcholine
A neurotransmitter involved in muscle activation and memory.
Dopamine
A neurotransmitter that plays a role in movement and emotional responses.
Serotonin
A neurotransmitter that contributes to feelings of well-being and happiness.
Norepinephrine
A neurotransmitter involved in arousal and alertness.
Endorphins
Neurotransmitters that act as natural painkillers.
Synapse
The junction between neurons where chemical signals are transmitted.
Myelin
A fatty substance that surrounds and insulates nerve fibers, increasing the speed of signal transmission.
Neurodegeneration
The gradual loss of function or structure of neurons.
Neconomical syndrome
A condition characterized by impairments in emotional and cognitive functions.
Neolithic revolution
A period marked by the beginning of farming, leading to societal changes.
Somatic symptoms
Physical symptoms that may be influenced by psychological factors.
Visceral pain
Pain that originates from the internal organs.
Cerebral ischemia
Insufficient blood flow to the brain, potentially causing damage.
Common peripheral neuropathies
Disorders affecting the peripheral nerves, often leading to pain or weakness.
Serotonin syndrome
A potentially life-threatening condition caused by excess serotonin in the body.
Functional MRI (fMRI)
A neuroimaging technique that measures and maps brain activity.
Cognitive therapy
A type of psychotherapy that helps individuals understand and change patterns of thinking.
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