Multiple Choice Test 1

Columbian Exchange

- The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages

Spanish Colonization

- 1493: Both the Spanish and Portuguese began to lay claims on America leading to disputes over land
- 1494: The Pope decided to draw a line to resolve the differences called the Treaty of Tordesillas
- West of the Line to Spain, East to Portugal following the treaty, Spain under Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztecs and Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incas

Encomienda System

- The Spanish crown gave land to explorers
- Explorers were also given the Natives living on the land!
- Explorers had to pay taxes, protect the "subjects", and spread Christianity
- Spanish thought of Natives as "inferior" people and began to abuse them through the Encomienda System by forcing Natives to do harsh labor

Bartolomé de Las Casas

- Spanish priest who in 1542 convinced the Spanish King to end Indian slavery through The New Laws of 1542
- Thought that the Indians were morally equal to the Spanish since they were under the Spanish crown
- However, traditional Spaniards pushed the King back to repeal New Laws
- Significance: Sparked the conversation of whether it was moral/right to enslave colonized people

Valladolid Debate (1550-1551)

- Debate in Spain to decide whether the enslavement of Indians was justified
- Decision was that Natives would still be mistreated under Spanish rule

English Treatment of Native Americans

- Native Americans in English settled territory were not in large numbers like the Aztecs
- Initially Natives taught English how to grow crops and hunt
- However, English saw them as "savages" and had constant battle conflicts with them

Spanish Treatment of Native Americans

- Encomienda System
- Treated Natives poorly, with no respect

French Treatment of Native Americans

- However, the French befriended the Native populations and established a strong fur trading system
- Helped the French to become part of native society; making a strong base for the French in the New World

African Slavery in North America

- harsh lives
- slaves were auctioned off to the highest bidder as domestic servants
- lived on little food and in dreary huts
- suffered beatings
- lifelong and hereditary conditions

African Slavery in the Caribbean

- Slave work in the Caribbean expanded beyond plantations and they engaged in almost every craft and retail business
- Many had great independence--required to pay only a little price to live where and with whom they pleased with little or no supervision

Mayflower Compact

- 1620: The first agreement for self-government in America
- It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony

Civilization of the South

- Empires were impressive
- For example, the Incas had a political system, paved roads, empire consisting of 6 million
- All without a writing system, paper, or the wheel
- Another example, Aztecs' capital (Tenochtitlan) had a population of 200,000
- Survived mainly on a staple crop... Maize (corn)

Natives of the Great Plains

- Weather? Mostly dry
- Resource? Buffalo
- Need to move? Mobile society based on buffalo population; Largest population was the Lakota Sioux

Natives of the Midwest-ish Region

- Environment? Rivers, lakes, and fertile soil
- Need to move? No, Hunting, Fishing, and Permanent Villages; Example: Indian Mounds - built larger settlements which enabled trade from surrounding tribes; Cahokia Tribe Built the largest mounds

Natives of the Northeastern region

- Environment? Fertile land... means lots of food
- Need to move? No, agricultural and hunting societies were formed; Longhouses

Natives of the Northwest Coast Region

- Environment? Fishing
- Need to move? They are going to stay put

Motives for Exploration

- Wealth, improvements in technology, religious conflict
- Faster route to Asia (Columbus)

New England Colonies

- Religion: Anglicanism (Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay), Puritan control
- Economy: Shipbuilding, trade, fishing, and whaling

Middle Colonies

- Religion: Religious freedom ordered by King James I
- Economy: farming of wheat especially and exported agricultural goods along with other natural resources

Chesapeake Colonies

- Religion: No dominant religion
- Economy: Agriculture through tobacco mainly and exported wheat, maize, indigo, rice, grain, fruit, livestock, and tobacco

Southern Colonies

- Religion: Religious freedom
- Economy: Agriculture was very strong and traded for things that were not able to be produced

Sources of Labor

- Indentured Servants
- Slaves
- American Indians

Puritans

- A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England
- They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay

King Philip's War

- 1675: King Philip united tribes in southern New England to fight against the English settlers and this ended in a vicious war where many were killed and towns were burned

Bacon's Rebellion

- 1676: Nathaniel Bacon led a rebellion against Berkeley's government and succeeded in defeating the governors forces
- Army disassembled when Bacon died of dysentery, but was a step in the right direction of colonials resisting authority

Mercantilism

- New economic concept of obtaining wealth from foreign lands (colonies) to help boost a nation's economy
- Focused mainly on greater exports than imports

The Great Awakening

- Huge expression of the individual religious belief among societies in the colonies
- With the different Protestant beliefs being accepted in the colonies, there was a call for separation of church and state
- The Great Awakening focused mainly on self-spiritualism rather than Church Doctrine... making colonists question ministers authority and ultimately political authority
- Religious colleges began to form as well (mainly ivy league schools)

Johnathan Edwards

- Helped start great awakening and wrote sinners in the hands of an angry god

John Winthrop

- Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony
- Instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy
- Speaker of "City upon a hill"

Anne Hutchinson

- Questioned doctrines of Puritan authorities
- Antinomianism: Faith alone, not deeds, is necessary for salvation
- Founded Portsmouth after being banished from the Bay colony
- killed in an American Indian uprising

Navigation Acts

- All foreign goods exported to the Colonies had to go to England first (England could tax the ships at their ports before going to the colonies)
- Most Colonial goods could only be exported to England - no free trade (Significance in the relationship with England)
- BAD!! - Colonists struggled to make money since foreign markets were closed
- The first important act pushing the colonies toward independence