Studied by 0 peoplecontrolled variables
Controlled variables, also called constant variables, refer to factors in an experiment that remain consistent throughout all conditions. By keeping these factors unchanged, researchers can isolate the effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
data set
A data set refers to any collection of observations, measurements, or information gathered for analysis.
dependent variables
Dependent variables are the outcomes or results that are being measured or observed in an experiment. They depend on the independent variable and can change as a result of its manipulation.
descriptive statistics
Descriptive statistics involves organizing, summarizing, and presenting data in a meaningful way to describe its main features.
element
An element refers to an individual unit or object in a population that is being studied.
experimental units
Experimental units are the individuals or objects on which we collect data in an experiment. They can be people, animals, plants, or any other entities that are being studied.
independent variables
Independent variables are factors or conditions that researchers manipulate or change in an experiment. They have a direct effect on the dependent variable and allow researchers to observe cause-and-effect relationships.
inferential statistics
Inferential statistics involves using sample data to make inferences or draw conclusions about a population.
observations
Observations are data points collected during an experiment or study, often involving measurements or recordings.
reliability
Reliability refers to the consistency and stability of a measurement or test over time, across different conditions, and among different raters.
respondents
Respondents are individuals who participate in surveys or questionnaires by providing answers to specific questions.
subjects
Subjects refer to the individuals or objects that are being studied or observed in a statistical experiment. They can be people, animals, plants, or any other entities of interest.
validity
Validity refers to the extent to which a measurement or test accurately measures what it is intended to measure.
variables
Variables are characteristics or attributes that can vary among individuals or objects in a study. They are the measurable quantities that researchers collect data on during an experiment or survey.
gender
categorical
race
categorical
marital status
categorical
employment status
categorical
education level
categorical
political party
categorical
religion
categorical
eye color
categorical
hair color
categorical
birthplace
categorical
age
quantitative
height
quantitative
weight
quantitative
income
quantitative
body mass index (BMI)
quantitative
blood pressure
quantitative
heart rate
quantitative
hours of sleep
quantitative
distance traveled
quantitative
number of siblings
quantitative
categorical variable
A categorical variable is one that represents characteristics or qualities rather than numerical values. It consists of categories or groups into which data can be classified.
chi-square test
A statistical test used to determine if there is a significant association between two categorical variables. It compares the observed frequencies with the expected frequencies under the assumption of independence.
continuous
Continuous data refers to numerical data that can take on any value within a given range. It can be measured and divided into smaller units, and there are infinite possible values between any two points.
interval level of measurement
#3; named + ordered + proportionate interval between variables (quantitative)
nominal level of measurement
#1; named variables (non-mathematical)
ordinal level of measurement
#2; named + ordered variables (non-mathematical)
ratio level of measurement
#4; named + ordered + proportionate interval between variables + can accommodate absolute zero (quantitative)
t-test
A t-test is a statistical test that compares two sample means to determine if they are significantly different from each other.
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