telencephalon and diencephalon

thalamus

sensory processing, subdivided into smaller nuclei

diencephalon parts

thalamus, subthalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
pineal body is only structure that does not have R and L

intramedullary lamina

divides thalamus into ant, med, and lat nuclear groups
lateral group subdivided into dorsal and ventral tier
y-shaped

relay nuclei

project to localized areas of cortex, convey information from sensory systems, basal ganglia, or cerebellum to cortex
info relaying with some processing

association nuclei

reciprocal connections with large cortical areas, 2 way communication, process emotional some memory info, sensory integration

nonspecific nuclei

project to widespread areas of cortex, regulate consciousness/arousal/attention
midling: limbic, intralaminar: limbic/arousal, reticular: adjusts thalamic activity

6 relay nuclei

VA: motor, cerebellum and basal ganglia
VL: motor, cerebellum and basal ganglia
VPL: somatic sensation (body), DCML and ALS
VPM: somatic sensation (face), trigeminal system
MGB: auditory, sup olivary nucleus → IC → MGB
LGB: vision, optic tract → LGB

hypothalamus function

homeostatic control, endocrine transducer, autonomic control, limbic
make up wall of 3rd ventricle

hypothalamus role in limbic function

drives emotional substrate (feedings, rage, H2O regulation, sex, pleasure/pain, eating/digestion)
takes thoughts and desires and transitions them into drives

hypothalamus efferent connections

brainstem, spinal cord, pituitary, limbic system

epithalamus

post to thalamus, pineal gland and habenula
regulation of circadian rhythms, influences secretions of pituitary/adrenal/parathyroid glands, and islets of Langerhans (affects reproductive activities)

subthalamus

functionally part of basal ganglia (movement regulation), superior to substantia nigra in midbrain

telencephalon structures

lobes of cerebral cortex (gray matter), white matter (fiber tracts), basal ganglia, some limbic system structures (hippocampus and amygdala, basal forebrain, limbic cortex)

basal ganglia function

motor: movement sequencing, muscle tone, force regulation, selective motor control
cognitive: awareness of body orientation, memory for location of objects, motivation, changing behavior

basal ganglia structures

caudate (head, body, tail): forms lat wall lat ventricle, c-shaped
putamen (lateral): directly inside insular cortex
globus pallidus (medial)
subthalamic nucleus (diencephalon)
substantia nigra (mesencephalon)

striatum

caudate and putamen

lenticular nucleus

putamen and globus pallidus

nucleus accumbens

area of continuity between ant caudate and putamen, part of basal forebrain
dopamine, reward, pleasure

limbic system function

homeostatic function, olfaction, memory, emotions/drives

diencephalon limbic structures

hypothalamus, thalamus ant and med nuclei

telencephalon limbic structures

hippocampus, amygdala, basal forebrain (bottom of frontal lobe)

septal area

basal forebrain ant to ant commissure

nucleus basalis

basal forebrain inf to preoptic area

hippocampus

declarative memory, in temporal lobes

limbic cortex (telencephalon)

cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus continuous with cingulate, uncus, orbitofrontal gyrus, olfactory cortex

primary structures for emotions

anterior cingulate gyrus, anterior nucleus thalamus, septal area, orbital frontal cortex, amygdala

primary structures for memory

nucleus accumbens, medial nuclei thalamus, nucleus basalis, mammillary body, post cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus

white matter association fibers

begin and end within same hemisphere
short connects adjacent gyri, long connects distant gyri

white matter commissural fibers

connect corresponding structures between cerebral hemispheres
corpus callosum, anterior commissure, posterior commissure

corpus callosum

largest bundle of commissural fibers

anterior commissure

connects part of frontal and temporal lobe

posterior commissure

good anatomical reference point to separate telencephalon and diencephalon, also reference point for neuroimaging

white matter projection fibers

fibers originating outside of telencephalon projecting to the cortex and fibers originating in the cortex projecting to lower level

internal capsule

blood supply from lenticulostriate arteries, funnel of projection fibers
anterior limb, genu, and posterior limb

internal capsule structures

anterior limb: frontopontine
genu: corticoreticular, corticobulbar
posterior limb: ascending sensory, corticospinal, auditory (geniculotemporal) radiation, optic (geniculocalcarine) radiation

lesions in internal capsule

at genu will be more likely to affect head/UE, lesion more posterior will affect LE contra to internal capsule
lesion most posterior part will affect contra visual field more than auditory due to auditory info being bilat

anterior limb internal capsule

between lenticular nuclei and head of caudate

posterior limb internal capsule

between lenticular nuclei and thalamus

genu

level of interventricular foramen

corona radiata

flaring of internal capsule into cerebral hemispheres

thalamus blood supply

PCA and its deep branches

hypothalamus and subthalamus blood supply

central (perforating) branches of circle of willis

basal ganglia blood supply

caudate head: ACA perforating branches
putamen: lenticulostriate and ACA perforating branches
globus pallidus: anterior choroidal artery

limbic system blood supply

amygdala: anterior choroidal artery
uncus: MCA
parahippocampal cortex: PCA, some MCA

internal capsule blood supply

anterior limb: lenticulostriate and medial striate
genu and most of posterior limb: lenticulostriate and medial striate
ventral posterior limb: anterior choroidal