2.4 Organic Compounds

Alkane functional group

R-H

Alkene functional group

C=C

Alcohol functional group

R-OH

What is a primary alcohol?

the carbon the -OH is attached to is attached to 0 or 1 other carbons

What is a secondary alcohol?

the carbon the -OH is attached to is attached to 2 other carbons

What is a tertiary alcohol?

the carbon the -OH is attached to is attached to 3 other carbons

Halogenoalkane functional group

R-X

• where X represents

  R-F

  R-Cl

  R-Br

  R-I

How to identify a carboxylic acid

contains a -COOH group at the end

Carboxylic acid functional group

R-COOH

How to identify an aldehyde

• carbonyl group

• functional group must be at end

Aldehyde functional group

How to identify a ketone

• carbonyl group

• functional group must be in the middle

Ketone functional group

Name of 1 carbon chain

meth

Name of 2 carbon chain

eth

Name of 3 carbon chain

prop

Name of 4 carbon chain

but

Name of 5 carbon chain

pent

Name of 6 carbon chain

hex

Name of 7 carbon chain

hept

Name of 8 carbon chain

oct

Name of 9 carbon chain

non

Name of 10 carbon chain

dec

How to name alkanes

end in _ane

How to name alkenes

end in -1-_ene

• 1 is where double bond is

How to name halogenoalkanes

• 1-fluro/chloro/bromo/iodo

• 1 is where halogen is

How to name carboxylic acids

• always on carbon 1

• ends in _anoic acid

How to name alcohols

• ends in _an-1-ol

• if end is taken 1-hydroxy_

• 1 is where -OH is

What is structural formula?

What is shortened structural formula?

What is skeletal formula?

What is structural isomerism?

have same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms

What is stereoisomerism?

same structural formula but have a different arrangement of atoms in a 3d space

Why can stereoisomerism only happen in alkenes?

can only occur in alkenes as no rotation around the fixed carbon-carbon double bond

What is geometric isomerism?

molecule must have two different groups attached to each carbon either side of the double bond

Steps to name E-Z geometric isomer

1. look at two bonds at the end of the double bond and rank the two groups in terms of the atomic number, double bonds count as two bonds

2. the atom with the higher atomic number takes priority

3. if the higher priority groups are on the same side of the double bond, it is a Z isomer

4. if the higher priority groups are on opposite sides of the double bond, it is an E isomer

Z isomer

if the higher priority groups are on the same side

E isomer

if the higher priority groups are on opposite sides

Why do E isomers tend to have higher boiling points?

they pack together more so have stronger intermolecular forces

What is an organic reaction?

way to break a covalent bond

What is heterolytic bond fission?

• occurs when elements have different electronegativities

• once the bond is broken, an iron is formed as electrons are closer to one molecule

What is homolytic bond fission?

• occurs when two elements have same/similar electronegativities

• both gain their electrons back

• forms a radical

Examples of attacking species

• radicals

• electrophiles

• nucleophiles

Radicals

• a highly reactive species with an unpaired electron

• formed by homolytic fission

• molecule has a dot next to it (X^•)

Electrophiles

• an electron deficient species that attack electron rich sites

• love electrons

• positive charge and empty orbitals

Nucleophiles

• an electron rich species that attack electron deficient sites

• love protons

• negative charge or a lone pair of electrons

Disadvantages of the use of fossil fuels

• finite resoruce

• acid rain - SO2 emitter

• CO2 emitter