Anatomy Exam 3 (Ch. 11-14)

Ch 11 - Ch 14

What is in the CNS?

brain and spinal cord

What is in the PNS?

Everything except the brain and spinal cord

The structural classes of neurons are _______, _______, and _______.

Multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar

The functional classes of neurons are _______, _______, and _______.

sensory, motor, and interneurons

Sensory neurons are responsible for _________.

transmitting sensory information to the central nervous system. (input)

Motor neurons are responsible for ____________.

transmitting signals from the central nervous system to muscles and glands. (output)

Interneuron neurons are responsible for __________.

processing information within the central nervous system and connecting sensory and motor neurons. (connecting sensory to motor)

The 3 types of Gated channels are ________, _______, and ______.

Chemical,voltage, and mechanical.

Chemically gated channels open when ________.

a specific neurotransmitter binds to them.

Voltage gates open depending on ________.

it’s membrane potential

Mechanical gates open depending on _______.

the physical deformation of the channel.

The 3 types of membrane potential are ______, ______, and ______.

resting, graded, and action

What are the 2 factors of resting potential?

ion concentration & membrane permeability.

the concentration of Na⁺ is _____ outside and the concentration of K⁺ is ______ inside during resting potential.

high, high

During graded potential, the magnitude of action potential changes with _________.

stimulus strength

Action potentials travel down the ______ like dominos.

axon

During resting state all gates are ______. Membrane potential is ____mV.

Closed; -70mV

During depolarization, Na+ gates are ______, K+ gates are ________. Membrane potential Is _____mV.

Open; closed; -55

During repolarization, Na+ gates are ______, K+ gates are ________. Membrane potential Is _____mV.

Closed; open; +30mV

After hyper polarization, when returning to resting, all gates _____ and the membrane potential returns to _____mV.

Close; -70

The characteristics of neurons are to ______.

Transmit electrical signals/action potentials.

The characteristics of Glial cells are _______, _______, and _________.

Physical support, Segregate, and insulate.

Signal transmissions are slowed by axons with _______ diameters.

thinner

Signal transmissions are acelerated by axons with _______ diameters.

Thicker

Signal transmission is accelerated because of the presence of ______ on the axon.

Myelin Sheath

_______________ is what occurs when signals “jump” along the spaces between the Myelin sheaths on the Axon.

Saltatory conduction

While Neurotransmitters can travel both directions along the neuron, action potentials can only travel _____ the neuron.

down

Anterograde neurotransmitter transport is when the neurotransmitter travels from the ________ to the ______.

Soma to the axon

Retrograde neurotransmitter transport is when the neurotransmitter travels from the ______ to the ________.

Axon to the Soma

Myelin sheaths in the CNS are made of _________.

Oligodendrocytes

Myelin Sheaths in the PNS are made of ______.

Schwann cells

Myelin sheaths _____ and ______ axons, and speed up action potentials speed by allowing for ___________.

Protect and insulate; saltatory conduction

The soma produces _______.

Neurotransmitters

The Dendrites act as a neurons __________.

receptors

The axon acts as the neurons __________, allowing for ________ and _____________ transmitters.

Transmitter/Secretory region; Molecular, action potential

The gilal cells that are in the CNS, supports the neurons, and forms the blood brain barrier are called _________.

astrocytes

The gilal cells that are in the CNS, and act as an immune defence for the neuron are called _________.

Microglias

The gilal cells that are in the CNS, that line the fluid filled spaces in the brain are called ____________.

Ependymal

The gilal cells that are in the CNS, that separate and insulate the neurons are called _________.

Oligodendrocytes

The gilal cells that are in the PNS, that surround the cell body are called ______.

Satalite cells

The gilal cells that are in the PNS, that surround the axon are called _______.

Schwann cells

Synapses are the __________.

Space between neurons

The two types of synapses are _________ and _________.

Chemical and electrical

Chemical synapses are formed between the __________ of a neuron and the _________ of another neuron.

Axon Terminals; Dendrites

Neurotransmitters can have a ________ reaction, or a _________ reaction.

Excitatory, inhibitory

A direct acting neurotransmitter _________ by binding to a receptor.

Opens or closes ion channels

An indirect-acting neurotransmitter opens/closes ion channels using _____________.

Secondary messenger molecules.

Divergent neuronal pods ________ signals. There is _____ output than input.

amplify; more

Convergent neuronal pods __________ signals. _______ output than input.

Condense (cone); less

Amphetamines _______ hormone release.

increase

Tryptophan _________ seratonin.

increases

Atropine ______ ACh receptors.

blocks

Neostigmine ________ ACh enzyme.

inhibits

Neurotransmitters can be removed by ______, ______, or ________.

Enzyme breakdown, reabsorption, or diffusion from synapses

There are both _______ and ________ factors that affect Homeostatic imbalance.

Chemical & physical

Demyelinating diseases ________ the speed of transmission.

decrease

Serial neural processing is when there is ___ pathway(s) involved, works in all or nothing.

one

Parallel neural processing is when there is ______ pathway(s) involved, there is 1 stimulus and multiple responses.

several

The cerebrum is made up of the _______, _________, and _________.

Cortex, white matter, and basal nuclei

The cerebral cortex is the primary ________ and primary _________.

Motor area, and somatosensory cortex

The cerebral cortex is the location of ____________.

conciousness

The cerebral cortex is made of ______.

Gray matter

White matter is made of ________.

Myelinated tracks

The white matter contains _________, which connect the R+L hemispheres.

commisures

White matter has 2 types of fibers, _________ and _________.

Association fibers and projection fibers.

Association fibers connect __________.

area within the same hemisphere

Projection fibers connect __________ to __________.

hemispheres to spinal cord

________________ is responsible for contralateral control.

Decussation of pyramids

Contralateral control is where each hemisphere controls the ______ side of the body.

opposite

Basal nuclei are made of _______.

gray matter

Basal nuclei is responsible for __________.

starting/stopping movement

Diencephalon is _____ to cerebrum.

deep

_______ is the gateway to the cortex.

thalamus

The epithalamus contains the pinecone shaped _________.

pineal

The pineal gland secretes _________.

melatonin

The hypothalamus is responsible for _________.

visceral control

visceral control is ___________ control of vital systems of the body.

autonomic

Visceral control controls things like ________, _________, __________, and ________.

water/nutrient balance, sleep wake cycle, temp. regulation, and emotional-physical responses

The __________ controls movement and sequence of events.

cerebellum

the cerebellum works closely with ___________ and __________.

basal nuclei and cerebral cortex

The brain stem is responsible for _________ behaviors.

visceral

The brain stem is made up of _______, _______, and _______.

midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.

The midbrain is made of ____________.

pyramidal tracks

The pons is the bridge between the _____________ and __________.

cerebellum and spinal cord

The medulla oblongata sends behavioral signals to the ______, ______, and _______.

CNS, respiratory system, & visceral reflexes

The limbic system of the brain contains the ________, ________, ________, _________, and ________.

Hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, olfactory bulbs

The reticular activating system contains the ________.

brain stem

The reticular activating system __________ and __________.

maintains homeostasis and filters out irrelevant stimuli.

The somatic system controls ______ and ________ functions.

perception and voluntary

The 4 stages of consciousness from most conscious to least conscious are _________, _________, _________, and ________.

Alert, drowsiness/lethargy, stupor, and coma

Higher brain functions contain _________, ________, and _________.

Thinking, problem solving, and memory

The 4 brain waves detected by EEG are _____, ______, _______, and ______.

Alpha, beta, theta, and delta

The 2 things that affect brain waves are _______ and ________

age (life stages) and activity (dreaming, awake, etc)

The brain is chemically protected by the _________________.

blood brain barrier

The blood brain barrier is made by a combination of a __________, a __________, and a _________.

Astrocyte, neuron and capillary.

The brain is physically protected by the ________, ________, _________, and _________.

Skin, Skull, Meninges, and Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

The neural tube is the ________________ that grows into the ____________.

Embryonic structure; CNS

____________ results in the __________ brain (gyri/sulcus & fissures)

Space restrictions, convoluted.

ventricles are the ______________ in the brain

fluid-filled spaces

The ventricles of the brain are the ________ (____ & ____), ____, and ____ ventricles.

lateral (1st & 2nd), 3rd, and 4th