The most primitive living vertebrate is the lamprey
F - Hagfish
The hagfish is isoosmotic
T
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The most primitive living vertebrate is the lamprey
F - Hagfish
The hagfish is isoosmotic
T
The hagfish has accessory hearts in arterial system
F - They have accessory hearts in venous system
Lamprey skin is used for leather
F - Hagfish skin
Hagfish heart rates occur with no neural input to the heart (endogenous)
T
The lamprey have a single heart with 1 chamber
F - 2 chambers
Lamprey are more primitive than hagfish
F - they are more advanced
Lamprey are hypoosmotic to freshwater and hyperosmotic to seawater
F - hypo = sea
hyper = fresh
Ammocete live most of lives in larval form
T
Lamprey body fluid is maintained at 300 mOsm
T
Lamprey feed from 1 to 8 years before metamorphosis and parasitic feed 1-3 years before reproducing
T
Osmosis is diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane
T
Sea water is 300 mOsm
F - 1000 mOsm
Freshwater is less than 20 mOsm
T
Mammal body fluid is 600 mOsm
F - 300
Lamprey eat tissue as food
F - fish blood
Hagfish have a keratinized tongue for rasping tissue
T
Lamprey have small tentacles around their mouth for feeling
F - hagfish
Hagfish eat dead or dying fish, marine worms, crustaceans, invertebrates, and other organisms on ocean floor
T
Hagfish have well developed eyes, they are covered by thick skin, and strong smell and touch
F - They have degenerate eyes, they are covered by thick skin, and strong smell and touch
Lamprey have only one nostril and poorly developed eyes
F - Lamprey have only one nostril and well developed eyes
Hagfish have multiple gill openings (more than 7))
T
Hagfish have a primitive lateral line system
T
Hagfish have advanced kidneys
F - primitive
Lamprey have well developed lateral line and kidneys
T
Lamprey have slime glands to secrete mucous as defense
F - hagfish
Hagfish are bottom dwellers, live in deep water, and are scavengers
T
Parasitic lamprey live in freshwater
F - Parasitic lamprey live in marine
Non parasitic lamprey live in freshwater
T
Some lamprey live in freshwater for life
T
Hagfish and lamprey both have a single gonad and use external fertilization
T
Hagfish have no larval stage
T
Lamprey have no reproductive ducts
T - both hagfish and lamprey have no reproductive ducts
Lamprey are anadromous (live marine; reproduce in fresh)
T
Lamprey egg develops into ammocete larva
T
Placoderms appeared before acanthodians
F - acanthodian first
Acanthodians were the first jawed fishes in fossil record
T
Placoderm body covered in thick bony shields
T
First gnathostomes appear in fossil record during Devonian period
F - Silurian
Jaws developed through modification of several sets of the anterior gill arches
T
early jawed fishes had “paired fins” and paired fins greatly enhanced ability to control movement
T
earliest groups of jawed fishes = chondrictheyes
F - acanthodians + placoderms
Chondrichtheyes first found in late Silurian and Devonian periods
T
Cladoselache: ancient group of sharks from Devonian that became extinct during Jurassic
F - during Carboniferous
cartilage is less supportive than bone, but is flexible and lightweight
T
cartilage helps with controlling movement
T
Sharks:
jawed fish with cartilaginous skeleton
T
Sharks have 600 species while batoids have 500 species
F - Shark = 500 Batoid = 600
Sharks have a homocercal tail
F - hetero
Sharks:
skin with placoid scales
-placoid scales originate from dermis and have dermal scales
T
Sharks:
teeth are modified placoid scales
skin has mucous glands
T
Sharks: tough skin that reduces turbulence when swimming, decrease decay
T
Sharks: placoid scales prevent abrasions, prevents infections, and may decrease predation since it more difficult to catch
F - Mucous prevent these things
Sharks have multiple rows of teeth that are genus specific and jaws are not firmly attached to the cranium
T
Sharks have 12 pairs of cranial nerves
F - 10
Sharks have both pineal glands and pituitary
T (pituitary = lower, reproduction)
Shark semicircular canals have 4 loops
F - 3
Sharks have a well developed lateral line system,
-mechanoreceptors detect pressure waves
-sensory pits have ampullae of lorenzini, act as electroreceptors
-good vision
T
Sharks have mirror like layer behind retina to reflect light and enhance vision in low light
-lens does not move
F - lens moves forward and backwards to focus
Sharks have a gas bladder for buoyancy
F - liver helps with buoyancy since the oil is lighter than water
-fatty liver
Sharks have a 3 chambered heart
F - 2
Sharks pump blood to their body and then gills
F - blood pumped from heart to gills and then to body
Sharks - rectal gland used to secrete concentrated salt solution into cloaca
-retain high levels of urea in body fluids to help maintain the high osmolarity
T
Sharks are gonochristic
T - seperate sexes
Sharks have paired gonads and reproductive ducts, these ducts connect to cloaca
T
Sharks use external fertilization
F - internal
Males have claspers which are 2 penises
F - claspers are modified portion of pelvic fin
Claspers insert sperm directly
F - claspers guide the sperm into the female cloaca
Sharks are top predator and if they are taken out the ecosystem will flourish.
F - top predator, so taking out the top predator can upset the ecosystem and cause over growth
Sharks have a high fecundity
F - slow growing, slow to mature, and small number of offspring
Nurse sharks live in deep water, are bottom dwelling, and are ovoviviparous
F -shallow water, bottom dwelling
-ovoviviparous
-thin shelled egg
Thresher have a large tail to herd and stun fish. They breach out of the water and can live in both cold and warm water.
T
Thresher are oviparous
F - ovoviviparous
Thresher are oophagous meaning they eat their young.
F - oophagous meaning embryos may eat unfertilized eggs in oviduct
Great white is the largest living predatory shark
T
Great white live in warm waters
F - Cold
Sharks tend to only live in one area and do not travel elsewhere
F - migrate thousands of miles
Great white are ovoviviparous and also oophagous
T
Megalodon is an extinct relative of great white
T
Tiger shark live in cold waters
F - warm waters
Tiger shark have a pointed snout and identifiable stripes
F - Have a blunt snout
Tiger sharks are ovoviviparous
T
Hammerhead has a flattened head, this decreases vision and sense of smell
F - flattened head, enhances vision and olfaction
Hammerhead is ovoviviparous
F - viviparous
Whale shark is the largest living fish
T
Whale shark is a filter feeder and eats near the surface
T
Whale sharks can occur off coast of Alabama/ gulf of mexico and are ovoviviparous
T
Bull sharks are oophagous
F
Holocephali include ratfish/ chimera
T
Holocephali date back to Silurian
F - Devonian
Holocephali :
cartilaginous skeleton, spiral valve in intestine, oil filled liver, claspers in males
T
Holocephali have a detached jaw like sharks
F - -upper jaw is firmly attached to the skull
Holocephali have scales
F - smooth skin that lacks scales
Holocephali have a cloaca
F - do not have a cloaca
Holocephali are marine and live in deep water. They have plate like teeth, large eyes
T
Holocephali are viviparous
F - oviparous
There are more skates and rays than sharks
T
all skates and rays have venomous spines
F
Batoids have modified placoid scales
T
Bull shark lives only in saltwater
F - Euryhaline