T/F Questions Vert Zo Exam 2

The most primitive living vertebrate is the lamprey

F - Hagfish

The hagfish is isoosmotic

T

The hagfish has accessory hearts in arterial system

F - They have accessory hearts in venous system

Lamprey skin is used for leather

F - Hagfish skin

Hagfish heart rates occur with no neural input to the heart (endogenous)

T

The lamprey have a single heart with 1 chamber

F - 2 chambers

Lamprey are more primitive than hagfish

F - they are more advanced

Lamprey are hypoosmotic to freshwater and hyperosmotic to seawater

F - hypo = sea

hyper = fresh

Ammocete live most of lives in larval form

T

Lamprey body fluid is maintained at 300 mOsm

T

Lamprey feed from 1 to 8 years before metamorphosis and parasitic feed 1-3 years before reproducing

T

Osmosis is diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane

T

Sea water is 300 mOsm

F - 1000 mOsm

Freshwater is less than 20 mOsm

T

Mammal body fluid is 600 mOsm

F - 300

Lamprey eat tissue as food

F - fish blood

Hagfish have a keratinized tongue for rasping tissue

T

Lamprey have small tentacles around their mouth for feeling

F - hagfish

Hagfish eat dead or dying fish, marine worms, crustaceans, invertebrates, and other organisms on ocean floor

T

Hagfish have well developed eyes, they are covered by thick skin, and strong smell and touch

F - They have **degenerate** eyes, they are covered by thick skin, and strong smell and touch

Lamprey have only one nostril and poorly developed eyes

F - Lamprey have only one nostril and **well** developed eyes

Hagfish have multiple gill openings (more than 7))

T

Hagfish have a primitive lateral line system

T

Hagfish have advanced kidneys

F - primitive

Lamprey have well developed lateral line and kidneys

T

Lamprey have slime glands to secrete mucous as defense

F - hagfish

Hagfish are bottom dwellers, live in deep water, and are scavengers

T

Parasitic lamprey live in freshwater

F - Parasitic lamprey live in marine

Non parasitic lamprey live in freshwater

T

Some lamprey live in freshwater for life

T

Hagfish and lamprey both have a single gonad and use external fertilization

T

Hagfish have no larval stage

T

Lamprey have no reproductive ducts

T - both hagfish and lamprey have no reproductive ducts

Lamprey are anadromous (live marine; reproduce in fresh)

T

Lamprey egg develops into ammocete larva

T

Placoderms appeared before acanthodians

F - acanthodian first

Acanthodians were the first jawed fishes in fossil record

T

Placoderm body covered in thick bony shields

T

First gnathostomes appear in fossil record during Devonian period

F - Silurian

Jaws developed through modification of several sets of the anterior gill arches

T

early jawed fishes had “paired fins” and paired fins greatly enhanced ability to control movement 

T

earliest groups of jawed fishes = chondrictheyes

F - acanthodians + placoderms

Chondrichtheyes first found in late Silurian and Devonian periods

T

Cladoselache: ancient group of sharks from Devonian that became extinct during Jurassic

F - during Carboniferous

cartilage is less supportive than bone, but is flexible and lightweight

T

cartilage helps with controlling movement

T

Sharks:

jawed fish with cartilaginous skeleton

T

Sharks have 600 species while batoids have 500 species

F - Shark = 500 Batoid = 600

Sharks have a homocercal tail

F - hetero

Sharks:

skin with placoid scales

\-placoid scales originate from dermis and have dermal scales

T

Sharks:

teeth are modified placoid scales

skin has mucous glands

T

Sharks: tough skin that reduces turbulence when swimming, decrease decay

T

Sharks: **placoid scales** prevent abrasions, prevents infections, and may decrease predation since it more difficult to catch 

F - Mucous prevent these things

Sharks have multiple rows of teeth that are genus specific and jaws are not firmly attached to the cranium

T

Sharks have 12 pairs of cranial nerves

F - 10

Sharks have both pineal glands and pituitary

T (pituitary = lower, reproduction)

Shark semicircular canals have 4 loops

F - 3

Sharks have a well developed lateral line system,

\-mechanoreceptors detect pressure waves 

\-sensory pits have ampullae of lorenzini, act as electroreceptors 

\-good vision

T

Sharks have mirror like layer behind retina to reflect light and enhance vision in low light

\-lens does not move

F - lens moves forward and backwards to focus

Sharks have a gas bladder for buoyancy

F - liver helps with buoyancy since the oil is lighter than water

\-fatty liver

Sharks have a 3 chambered heart

F - 2

Sharks pump blood to their body and then gills

F - blood pumped from heart to gills and then to body

Sharks - rectal gland used to secrete concentrated salt solution into cloaca

\-retain high levels of urea in body fluids to help maintain the high osmolarity 

T

Sharks are gonochristic

T - seperate sexes

Sharks have paired gonads and reproductive ducts, these ducts connect to cloaca

T

Sharks use external fertilization

F - internal

Males have claspers which are 2 penises

F - claspers are modified portion of pelvic fin

Claspers insert sperm directly

F - claspers guide the sperm into the female cloaca

Sharks are top predator and if they are taken out the ecosystem will flourish.

F - top predator, so taking out the top predator can upset the ecosystem and cause over growth

Sharks have a high fecundity

F - slow growing, slow to mature, and small number of offspring

Nurse sharks live in deep water, are bottom dwelling, and are ovoviviparous

F -shallow water, bottom dwelling

\-ovoviviparous

\-thin shelled egg

Thresher have a large tail to herd and stun fish. They breach out of the water and can live in both cold and warm water.

T

Thresher are oviparous

F - ovoviviparous

Thresher are oophagous meaning they eat their young.

F - oophagous meaning embryos may eat unfertilized eggs in oviduct

Great white is the largest living predatory shark

T

Great white live in warm waters

F - Cold

Sharks tend to only live in one area and do not travel elsewhere

F - migrate thousands of miles

Great white are ovoviviparous and also oophagous

T

Megalodon is an extinct relative of great white

T

Tiger shark live in cold waters

F - warm waters

Tiger shark have a pointed snout and identifiable stripes

F - Have a blunt snout

Tiger sharks are ovoviviparous

T

Hammerhead has a flattened head, this decreases vision and sense of smell

F - flattened head, enhances vision and olfaction

Hammerhead is ovoviviparous

F - viviparous

Whale shark is the largest living fish

T

Whale shark is a filter feeder and eats near the surface

T

Whale sharks can occur off coast of Alabama/ gulf of mexico and are ovoviviparous

T

Bull sharks are oophagous

F

Holocephali include ratfish/ chimera

T

Holocephali date back to Silurian

F - Devonian

Holocephali :

cartilaginous skeleton, spiral valve in intestine, oil filled liver, claspers in males

T

Holocephali have a detached jaw like sharks

F - -upper jaw is firmly attached to the skull

Holocephali have scales

F - smooth skin that lacks scales

Holocephali have a cloaca

F - do not have a cloaca

Holocephali are marine and live in deep water. They have plate like teeth, large eyes

T

Holocephali are viviparous

F - oviparous

There are more skates and rays than sharks

T

all skates and rays have venomous spines

F

Batoids have modified placoid scales

T

Bull shark lives only in saltwater

F - Euryhaline