english 1502 study guide

What is Intolerance?

Any thought, behavior, policy, or social structure that treats people unequally based on group terms.

What does Tolerance mean?

The application of the same principles and rules, caring and empathy, and feeling of connection to human beings of other perceived groups.

Define Appreciation.

The attitudes and actions of not only accepting other groups’ behavior but seeing the good in and adopting the behaviors, and actively including the individuals of a group.

What is Equity in the context of social justice?

Provides, at the institutional/societal level, social justice and fairness, equality of opportunity for traditionally disadvantaged groups.

Define Inclusion.

Creates a climate, through words, actions, and policy, where people of diverse groups feel welcome and feel that they can participate fully.

What is Apartheid?

A system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa, enforced from 1948-1984.

What was the Population Registration Act?

Categorized people into racial groups: White, Black, Colored, and Indian.

What were Pass Laws in South Africa?

Laws that required Black citizens to carry passbooks to access certain areas, severely restricting their movement.

What was the impact of Apartheid on daily life in South Africa?

Separate facilities and services for different races with stark inequalities; economic opportunities, land ownership, and education were heavily restricted for non-whites.

Who were key figures in the anti-apartheid movements?

Nelson Mandela, Desmond Tutu, Walter Sisulu.

What does 'Rainbow Nation' refer to?

Post-apartheid South Africa, symbolizing the country’s diversity and unity following the end of racial segregation.

What is Selective Attention?

We only pay attention to certain things impacted by what we hold to be important and our negative and positive expectations.

Define Selective Perception.

Shapes how we interpret the things we pay attention to.

What is Selective Recall?

We tend to remember things that confirm our pre-existing ideas.

What is Attribution?

The process whereby we give meaning to our behavior and the behavior of others.

What is the Fundamental Attribution Error?

We overestimate the role of personal characteristics in someone’s behavior and do not place as much weight on context.

Explain Self-serving (egocentric) Attribution Bias.

We frame our behavior as normal and give meanings to others’ behavior that make us look better.

What does Ultimate Attribution Error combine?

Combines the last two attributes where we blame others' failures on personal characteristics but our failures on context.

Define Stereotypes.

Oversimplified attitudes we have towards others because we assume they hold the characteristics of a certain group.

What is Prejudice?

An attitude in which we are hostile towards or avoid another person because of the group to which that person belongs.

Define Ethnocentrism.

A view in which one’s group is the center of everything and other groups are scaled with references to it.

What is Xenophobia?

The fear of people of a group that one perceives to be different from their own; a fear of foreigners.

Define Hate Group.

An organized group that promotes hatred and discrimination against specific groups of people.

What are Microaggressions?

Harmful, stereotypical, and dehumanizing messages against a marginalized individual and/or community.

Define Exogamy.

Marriage out of one’s perceived group, such as marrying someone from a different ethnic group.

What is Polygamy?

Marriage to more than one partner.

What is Forced Marriage?

A marriage with 1 or more elements of force, fraud, or coercion, and where 1 or both parties do not or cannot consent.

Define Arranged Marriage.

A type of marital union where the bride and groom are primarily selected by individuals other than the couple themselves.

What is Same-Sex Marriage?

Marriage between individuals of the same sex, which is legal in 36 countries as of November 2024.

What does Miscegenation refer to?

The marrying of individuals across ethnic or racial lines.

Define Intermarriage.

Marriage between people of perceived out groups regardless of the grounds (religious, cultural, racial, etc.).

What is Propinquity?

Physical closeness.

Define Uncertainty Reduction Theory.

The better we can predict and explain the behavior of another person, the more relationships will grow.

What is Goal Conflict?

Occurs when the interested parties cannot reach an agreement on their expected result (goals).

What is Cognitive Conflict?

Related to differences in perspectives and judgments.

Define Affective Conflict.

Emotional conflict aimed at a person rather than an issue.

What is Behavioral Conflict?

Occurs when someone acts in a way that is unacceptable to others.

Define Procedural Conflict.

A disagreement between group members about methods or procedures to achieve a goal.

What is the Avoiding conflict management style?

Individual prefers not to confront the other party, leading to unresolved conflict.

What does the Accommodating conflict management style involve?

Giving into the demands of the other party, often sacrificing personal goals.

Define Competing conflict management style.

A win or lose situation where one party's aggressive behavior leads to achieving their goals.

What is Compromising in conflict management?

A middle-ground approach where parties seek a solution collaboratively.

Define Mediators.

Neutral third parties that work collaboratively with disputing parties to achieve a solution.

What is the role of Arbitrators?

Neutral parties that can resolve a conflict based on facts and impose a binding decision.

What are the similarities between Mediators and Arbitrators?

Both are neutral, uninvolved, objective parties.