english 1502 study guide

1. Define 

   1. Intolerance: Any thought, behavior, policy, or social structure that treats people unequally based on group terms. 

   2. Tolerance: The application of the same principles and rules, caring and empathy and feeling of connection to human beings of other perceived groups.

   3. Appreciation: The attitudes and actions of not only accepting other groups’ behavior but seeing the good in and adopting the behaviors, and actively including the individuals of a group. 

   4. Equity: provides, at the institutional/societal level, social justice and fairness, equality of opportunity for traditionally disadvantaged groups.

   5. Inclusion: Creates a climate, through words, actions, and policy, where people of diverse groups feel welcome and feel that they can participate fully

2. South Africa’s Apartheid

   1. Definition: Apartheid (Afrikaans for “apartness”) was a system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa.

   2. Important Dates: Enforced from 1948-1984

   3. Population Registration Act: Categorized people into racial groups: White, Black, Colored, and Indian

   4. Pass Laws required Black citizens to carry passbooks to access certain areas, severely restricting their movement.

   5. Impact on daily life: Separate facilities and services for different races. (Schools, hospitals, transportation) with stark inequalities. Economic opportunities, land ownership, and education were heavily restricted for non-whites. Forced removals uprooted families from their homes and communities particularly under the Group Areas Act.

   6. Key Figures: Anti-apartheid movements included the African National Congress, labor strikes, and youth-led protests like the 1976 Soweto Uprising. Leaders like Nelson Mandela, Desmond Tutu, and Walter Sisulu.

   7. Rainbow Nation: Refers to post-apartheid South Africa, symbolizing the country’s diversity and unity following the end of racial segregation. It was popularized by Archbishop Desmond Tutu and later adopted by Nelson Mandela to represent South Africa’s vision of a harmonious, multiracial society. 

      1. Key Aspects include

         1. Symbolism of the Rainbow: The rainbow symbolizes hope, diversity, and inclusion, representing South Africa’s different racial, ethnic and cultural groups coexisting in a unified nation. 

         2. Historical Context: After decades of apartheid, a policy of racial segregation and oppression, South Africa transitioned to democracy in 1994. 

         3. Efforts toward Unity and Reconciliation: The Truth and Reconciliation Commission chaired by Archbishop Tutu, was established to address the injustices of apartheid and foster healing between communities.  

         4. Challenges and Realities: South Africa continues to face issues of racial inequality, economic disparities and social tensions. 

3. Define

   1. Selective Attention: We only pay attention to certain things impacted by what we hold to be important and our negative and positive expectations.

   2. Selective perception: Shapes how we interpret the things we pay attention to

   3. Selective Recall: We tend to remember things that confirm our pre-existing ideas.

   4. Attribution: The process whereby we give meaning to our behavior and the behavior of others. 

   5. Fundamental attribution error: We overestimate the role of personal characteristics in someone’s behavior and do not place as much weight on context/

   6. Self serving (egocentric) attribution bias: We frame our behavior as normal and give meanings to others’ behavior that make us look better.

   7. Ultimate attribution error: Combines the last two. If people we do not like have success, we attribute it to the context (they were lucky, favored by their boss, etc.) but if they fail, we blame personal characteristics (they are incompetent). But blame our own failures and those of people we like on context and attribute success to character. 

4. What are stereotypes? Provide examples from class:

   1. Definition: Oversimplified attitudes we have towards others because we assume they hold the characteristics of a certain group:

      1. S function to make people make sense of the world

      2. People have stereotypes of other groups and of their own group.

      3. All people have the tendency to rely on stereotypes.

   2. Examples: 

5. Prejudice

   1. An attitude in which we are hostile towards or avoid another person because of the group to which that person belongs. 

   2. Ethnocentrism: A view in which one’s group is the center of everything and all others are scaled with references to it/a belief in the inferiority of other groups.

   3. Xenophobia: The fear of people of s group that one perceives to be different from their own: a fear of foreigners.

6. Hate group: Identity Dixie is a group of Southern Nationalists that claim to be the "true Sons of the South". They believe in preserving their Anglo-Saxon heritage and promoting English Christian values, ethics, and laws. They oppose the federal government, multiculturalism, modernism, and the current destruction of families.

7. Microaggressions are harmful, stereotypical, and dehumanizing message against a marginalized individual and/or community.

   1. Examples:

8. Ethnic cleansing: the attempt to remove a population by murder or deportation

   1. Israel-Palestine Conflict

9. Racism

Lost in Translation 

Chapter 13

11.  Exogamy is marriage out of one’s perceived group. Marrying out of a ethnic group, i.e. race and nationality

12. Polygamy is marriage to more than one partner.

    1. Polygyny: man married to multiple women.

    2. Polyandry: woman married to multiple men.

    3. Practiced: West and Central Africa. Mormons in Utah. Mizoram, India. Polyandry: Tibet, Nepal. India. Native American Reservations, Eskimo groups, Marquesas Islands, Central Africa.

13. Forced Marriage

    1. Definition: Forced marriage is a marriage with 1 or more elements of force, fraud, or coercion, and where 1 or both parties do not or cannot consent to the marriage 

    2. Discussion: Consent means that you have given your full, free, and informed agreement to marry your intended spouse and to the timing of the marriage. Forced marriage may occur when family members or others use physical or emotional abuse, threats or deception to force you to marry without your consent. Forced marriage can be both a cause and a consequence of domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, or stalking. 

14. Arranged Marriage

    1. Definition: A type of marital union where the bride and groom are primarily selected by individuals other than the couple themselves, particularly by family members such as the parents. In some cultures, a professional matchmaker may be used to find a spouse for a young person. 

    2. Discussion: Arranged marriages have historically been prominent in many cultures. The practice remains common in many regions of the world, notably the Caucasus, Central Asia, North Africa, South and Southeast Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and West Asia. Practice has declined substantially during the 19th and 20th centuries. 

15. Same Sex Marriage

    1. Nov. 2024: Same sex marriage is legal in 36 countries.

    2. Countries that do not recognize same-sex marriage include Italy, Japan, South Korea, and the Czech Republic. Some countries like Nigeria and Russia, restrict advocacy for same sex marriage. 

    3. Some countries have legalized same-sex marriage through legislation, while other have done so through court decisions. For example, in Mexico, the Federal District legalized same-sex marriage in 2009, and the Supreme court ruled that it was constituitional shortly after. 

    4. The Netherlands was the first country to legalize same-sex marriage passing the law in 2001.

    5. The U.S. legalized gay marriage on June 26th 2015, with the supreme courts case Obergefell v. Hodges

16. Miscegenation is the marrying of individuals across ethnic or racial lines

17. Intermarriage is marriage between people of perceived out groups regardless of the grounds. (religious, cultural, racial, etc.)

18. Propinquity: Physical closeness

19. Uncertainty Reduction Theory

    1. Definition: The better we can predict and explain the behavior of another person (or reduce uncertainty), the more relationships will grow. Anxiety also occurs in intercultural interactions. 

20. Different styles of conflict:

    1. Goal Conflict: Occurs when the interested parties cannot reach an agreement on their expected result (goals)

    2. Cognitive Conflict: Related to differences in perspectives and judgments

    3. Affective Conflict: Emotional conflict aimed at a person rather than an issue

    4. Behavioral Conflict: Occurs when someone or a group of people act in a way that is unacceptable to others.

    5. Procedural Conflict: A disagreement between members of a group about the methods or procedures to be used to achieve a goal. 

21. Different conflict management styles

    1. Avoiding (or withdrawing)

       1. Needs of both parties are not satisfied -> Individual prefers not to confront other part -> Conflict persists

    2. Accommodating (or yielding)

       1. Giving into the demands of the other party, often requires the sacrifice of the personal goals for the resolution of conflict and maintaining a harmonious organizational relationship

       2. Appeasement, abandoning one’s position for the greater good of the relationship.

       3. When you are in the wrong/when you are not invested; building social credit; where harmony is more important than individual success

    3. Competing (or dominating): 

       1. A win or lose situation,

       2. Aggressive behavior, over disagreement, extreme assertiveness.

       3. Partner with more power will achieve their goals.

       4. It can seriously damage relationships.

       5. It may be the only option in certain contexts.

    4. Compromising (conceding)

       1. A middle range approach, more aggressive than avoiding or accommodating but less than competing.

       2. Parties seek a solution collaboratively, with parties gaining some objectives but not all. 

       3. Because conflict is unpleasant, compromise provides a way to achieve goals that may not be the best but are accepted.

    5. Conflict negotiation 

       1. Ting-Toney: notion of face, positive/negative, Collectivist cultures are more likely to be concerned with positive face, individualistic ones with negative face. 

          1. Collectivistic: Obliging, avoiding are appropriate styles to maintain group harmony 

          2. Individualistic: dominating style/collaborative, as both parties address conflict squarely 

22. Schmidt et al. Three phase intercultural conflict level

    1. Background phase: essential planning; analyzing own’s position; planning language style; gathering information; keep key people in the loop; identify one’s goals, interests, priorities; try to understand the characteristics of the other party.

    2. Process phase: Actual negotiation occurs. Two styles: distributive/positional (integrative/principled) competitively pushing for one’s goals. collaborative strategies. considers the other party’s needs/expectations.

    3. Outcome phase: outcomes/communication are evaluated; it determines the nature of future interactions. 

23. Mediators and Arbitrators 

    1. Mediators: Neutral third parties/reason and compromise; they have not power to impose a decision on the disputing parties/work collaboratively with the parties to achieve a solution.

    2. Arbitrators: Neutral objective, third parties that can resolve a conflict based on the facts of the conflict situation presented to them. They have power to impose a binding decision on the parties in conflict. 

    3. Differences and similarities: Both are neutral, uninvolved, objective parties. Arbitrators have the power to impose a binding decision in the conflict, mediators do not.