Chapter 8 Review - Sociology

These flashcards cover key sociological concepts related to deviance, including important theories, definitions, and explanations related to criminal behavior.

Sociologists' Definition of Deviance

The recognized violation of cultural norms

Durkheim's Four Functions of Deviance

1) Clarification of norms, 2) Unifying the group, 3) Social change, 4) Social control.

Merton's Strain Theory

The theory that suggests deviance occurs when there is a discrepancy between societal goals and the means to achieve them.

Labeling Theory

A sociological perspective that considers how the labels applied to individuals can influence their behavior and identity, including concepts like primary and secondary deviance.

Medicalization of Deviance

The process by which deviant behavior is defined as a medical issue, such as mental illness.

White-Collar Crime

Criminal acts committed by individuals in their professional lives, such as embezzlement.

Corporate Crime

Illegal actions committed by a corporation or individuals acting on its behalf, such as pollution violations.

Organized Crime

Criminal organizations that engage in illegal activities, such as drug trafficking.

Retribution

A justification for punishment that emphasizes repayment for harm done.

Deterrence

A justification for punishment aimed at preventing future crimes.

Rehabilitation

A justification for punishment focused on reforming offenders.

Societal Protection

A justification for punishment that seeks to protect society from offenders.

Biological Explanations of Criminality

The perspective that attributes criminal behavior to biological factors.

Psychological Explanations of Criminality

The perspective that links criminal behavior to psychological issues or disorders.

Hirshi Control Theory

The theory that suggests strong social bonds prevent individuals from engaging in deviance.

Sutherland's Differential Association Theory

The theory that criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others.

Foucault’s Net-Widening Effect

The concept that efforts to regulate deviance can inadvertently include more behavior as deviant.

Weber and Legitimacy of Violence

Weber's perspective on how violence may be deemed legitimate in certain contexts, which can be both right and wrong.