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Pathogens
Microorganisms that cause disease.
Bacteria
A type of pathogen that can cause disease.
Fungi
A type of pathogen that can cause disease.
Viruses
A type of pathogen that can cause disease.
Antigens
Specific molecules on the surface of cells used in cell recognition.
Immune Response
The reaction of the immune system to antigens, involving the identification of foreign substances.
Non-Specific Immune System
The part of the immune system that is effective against a wide range of pathogens from birth.
Specific Immune System
The part of the immune system that is slow and effective against specific pathogens, with a faster response upon re-infection.
Physical Barriers
Non-specific defenses that protect the body, such as skin and mucous membranes.
Phagocytosis
The process by which phagocytes engulf and digest foreign substances.
Phagocyte
A type of immune cell that engulfs pathogens.
Antigen-Presenting Cell
A phagocyte that displays antigens from pathogens on its cell membrane.
T Lymphocytes
Immune cells that carry out the cellular response by recognizing non-self-antigens.
Cytotoxic Cells
A type of T cell that destroys infected body cells.
Memory T Cells
T cells that enable a rapid response to future infections by the same pathogen.
Helper T Cells
T cells that stimulate other immune cells through chemical signals.
Endocytosis
The process by which a cell engulfs a substance to bring it into the cell.
Lysosome
An organelle that contains enzymes to digest pathogens.
Phagosome
A vesicle that contains the engulfed pathogen within a phagocyte.
Hydrolyse
The process of breaking down substances using water, often performed by lysosomes.
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