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motivation, emotions, & personality
motivation
a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal
instinct
complex behaviors that have fixed patterns throughout different species and are not learned
drive-reduction theory
theory that physiological need creates an aroused tension state that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
homeostasis
the maintenance of a steady internal state
incentive
positive or negative stimuli
hierarchy of needs
created by Abraham Maslow, theory that certain needs have priority over others
glucose
the natural sugar that send signals regarding hunger to the hypothalamus in the brain
set point
the preferred level of functioning of an organism or system
basal metabolic rate
kilojoules (or calories) expended to maintain the vital functions of the body while awake per kilogram of body weight per hour
anorexia nervosa
eating disorder in which a normal-weight person continuously loses weight but still feels overweight
bulimia nervosa
eating disorder characterized by binging, followed by extreme purging (vomiting, laxatives, fasting, or excessive exercise)
sexual response cycle
cycle of reaction to sexual stimulation; excitement → plateau → orgasm → resolution
refractory period
period of inactivity after a neuron or muscle cell has undergone excitation
sexual disorder
any impairment of sexual function or behavior
estrogen
hormones that are produced mainly by the ovaries and act as the main female sex hormones
testosterone
male sex hormone and typically produced by the testes
sexual orientation
a person’s preference regarding emotional and sexual relationships with individuals
flow
the experience between no work and lot of work; typically with creative jobs
industrial-organizational psychology
psychology that applies psychological principles to the workplace
personnel psychology
studies the principles of selecting and evaluating workers
organizational psychology
studies how work environments and management styles influence worker motivation, satisfaction, and productivity
structured interviews
a formal and disciplined way of gathering information from the interviewee; pinpoints strengths
achievement motivation
a desire for significant accomplishment
task leadership
setting standards, organizing work, and focusing on goals
social leadership
mediating conflicts and building high achieving team
emotion
complex reaction pattern that are a mix of physiological activation, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience
james-lange theory
theory that physiological activity precedes the emotional experience
cannon-bard theory
theory that an emotion-triggering stimulus and the body's arousal take place simultaneously
two-factor theory
theory that physiology and cognition create
emotions — and that emotions have two factors (physical arousal and
cognitive label)
polygraph
device that measures and records several physiological indicators of stress; frequently used with interrogating criminal suspects and screening employees
catharsis
the release of strong, pent-up emotions
feel-good, do-good phenomenon
when we feel happy we are more willing to help others
subjective well-being
the self-perceived feeling of happiness or satisfaction with life
adaptation-level phenomenom
people adapt to income levels
relative deprivation
the perception that we are relatively worse off than those we compare ourselves with
personality
an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
free association
form of psychoanalysis in which the patient hears a prompt and says whatever comes to their minds
psychoanalysis
FREUD; approach to the mind that focuses on the influence of unconscious forces on an individual’s mental life and adjustment
unconscious
region of the mind containing everything not directly accessible to awareness but has effects on thought and behavior
id
part of the unconscious; basic sexual and aggressive drives; pleasure principle; immediate gratification
ego
part of the conscious; mediates the demands of the id and superego
superego
part of the preconscious; standards for judgment (the conscience) and future aspirations
psychosexual stages
freud’s theory of the stages of personality development
oedipus complex
boy’s sexual desire for his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
identification
freud’s theory that kids/people cope with threatening feelings by repressing them and by identifying with the rival parent
fixation
the persistence of an early stage or attachment of psychosexual development or object
defense mechanism
an unconscious reaction pattern employed by the ego to protect itself from the anxiety
repression
defense mechanism that banishes anxietyarousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
regression
defense mechanism that leads an individual faced with anxiety to retreat to a more infantile psychosexual stage
reaction formation
defense mechanism that causes the ego to unconsciously switch unacceptable impulses into their opposites
projection
defense mechanism that leads people to disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
rationalization
defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions
displacement
defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, redirecting anger toward a safer outlet
collective unconscious
a common reservoir of images derived from our species’ past
projective test
tests that evaluate personality from an unconscious mind’s perspective
thematic apperception test (TAT)
projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
rorschach inkblot test
projective test uses a set of 10 inkblots to identify people’s inner feelings
terror-management theory
theory proposing that control of death anxiety is the primary function of society and the main motivation in human behavior
self-actualization
state of fulfilling our potential
unconditional positive regard
an attitude of acceptance of others despite their failings
self-concept
all of our thoughts and feelings about ourselves
trait
an enduring personality characteristic that describes or determines an individual’s behavior across a range of situations
personality inventory
questionnaires designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors assessing several traits at once
minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI)
the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests; developed to identify emotional disorders; tests a pool of items and selects those that discriminate between diagnostic groups
empirically derived test
the test of a hypothesis by means of experiments or other systematic observations
social-cognitive perspective
bandura’s theory that personality is the because of the interaction between a person and the social context
reciprocal determinism
behavior, cognition, and environment are interlocking determinants of each other
personal control
whether we control the environment or the environment controls us
external locus of control
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate
internal locus of control
the perception that we can control our own fate
learned helplessness
phenomenon when repeated exposure to uncontrollable stressors results in individuals learning that they lack behavioral control over environmental events and therefore don’t try anymore
positive psychology
psychology that aims to discover and promote conditions that enable individuals and communities to thrive
spotlight effect
overestimating the concern that others evaluate our appearance,
performance, and blunders
self-esteem
a person’s physical self-image and perceived success, as well as the ways in which others view and respond to that person
self-serving bias
the tendency to interpret events so that assigns credit for success to oneself but denies one’s responsibility for failure, which is blamed on external factors
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