transcription

rna polymerase creating mRNA

what is the process of protein synthesis

the process where genetic code on DNA is read by enzymes to make proteins

what are the two steps of protein synthesis

transcription- where we create mRNA from dna through RNA polymerase

translation- where the mRNA is read and transcribed into proteins in the ribosome

What is the difference of RNA and DNA

the rna nucleotides are AUGC while the DNA is ATGC, and the sugar is Ribose, and there is an extra oxygen at the 2' and 3' carbon. and RNA is single stranded while DNA is double stranded

what is the consequence of RNA being single stranded

it folds up on itself but does not fold completely, leaving some room in the strand where there are no base pairings (AUCG)

rna poly v.s. dna poly

rna poly is

• not as accurate

• doesn’t need a primer (needs promoter instead)

what does RNA poly do (general)

it reads the sequence of DNA and transcribes it into mRNA (ACTG to AUCG)

how does RNA poly work (detailed)

DNA enters and separates inside as rna poly transcribes one dna strand (bc mRNA is single stranded) using ribonucleotide triphosphates as material for mRNA. the mRNA exits and so does the DNA strand as it refold back into a double helix dna.

what is the active site in rna poly

it is the inside where mRNA is synthesized from 5’ to 3’

what are ribonucleotide triphosphate

they are the nucleotides AUGC

what are the steps in PROKARYOTES transcription.

1. initiation- where rna poly recognizes promoter and binds

2. elongation- rna synthesis begins (rna poly starts moving)

3. termination- rna poly will hit the terminator ending synthesis and it will fall off template dna along with mrna floating

where is the promoter on the DNA strand. PROKARYOTES

it is an area before the start site where we start copying DNA.

what direction to we create mRNA from

5' to 3' according to the mRNA not DNA. Meaning we should be starting at the template dna's 3' end because for the newly created rna that is where it's 5' would begin.

what is specific to transcription in Bacteria

they have sigma factors that are part of the RNA polymerase to help it recognize the promoter (the yellow ball)

what else do the sigma factors do BACTERIA TRANSCRIPTION

it helps give specificity to what genes you are supposed to turn on. once they fall off the RNA polymerase clamps down and begins

what is specific to the promoter in bacteria transcription.

the promoter is bases behind the start site on the DNA which are

+1, : the first base, where we begin copying

-20,: the TATA box

-35: also a TATA

What is the TATA box BACTERIA TRANSCRIPTION

They are parts in the DNA strand that are very T, A rich meaning they have only 2 hydrogen bonds opposed to 3 in G,C.

• they are also before the start site

why does it matter that TATA boxes have 2 hydrogen bonds in their nucleotides. BACTERIA TRANSCRIPTION.

It makes it easier to open DNA in T,A compared to G,C bases. this is where RNA polymerase will open DNA to begin copying.

what is the last thing unique to bacteria transcription

Operons, they are where genes are close to each other and are related to the same goal. (a unit in the DNA.)

what is unique about operons compared to eukaryotes

operons in bacteria are genes that are close together while genes in eukaryotes are very far from each other so they do not have operons.

When creating mRNA from DNA does it create each gene individually.

no, it does not create each gene individually from he operon, it makes it in one strand instead, its more efficient.